Chinesse Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chinesse Culture - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to do just that, as well as discuss several other particular issues, which are: the history of China in the United States, the traditional Chinese perceptions of health and illness, the traditional Chinese healing methods and views on death, and the current healthcare problems of China. By thoroughly addressing and discussing all of these issues, we will be able to come to a much more informed and knowledgeable understanding on the subject matter at hand overall. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The early history of China is rather complicated, primarily by that of the lack of a written language during this period, coupled with the existence of documents from later time periods which attempted to described certain events which occurred several centuries beforehand, thus obviously causing quite a bit of confusion and complexion. However the earliest comprehensive history of China, the Records of the Grand Historian, which were written a Chinese historiographer named Sima Qian in the 2nd century BC, and as well the Bamboo Annuals, are both able to trace and consequently show Chinese history from about 2800 BC, with an account of the Three August Ones and the Five Emperors. It is actually considered as being unknown as to who the first Chinese was to set foot in America, it is thought that more than likely it was a fisherman and that it was in San Diego. In the early 1850s, many Chinese came to California in search of gold, and later on they came as contract laborers to work on the railroads and other construction projects, and as gold mining was increasingly difficult for them and the construction projects were completed, they soon then began to seek other means of livelihood. From San Francisco and Monterey Bays the Chinese then began to go south to San Diego, where they ended up establishing a base to fish the waters all the way to Cabo San Lucas in Mexico. "They established a fishing village at Roseville in Pt. Loma and another at the foot of San Diego's New Town, the latter village to become Chinatown. They dominated this industry until 1890, and during its peak built and sailed as many as 18 junks. Besides a wide variety of fish, they had exclusi ve domain in the pursuit of abalone. They were able to supply all the fresh fish requirements of San Diego and to export dried fish products to other Chinese communities worldwide" (Lee, 1996). Then, starting in about the 1880s, the activities that were completed by the Chinese in San Diego increased, including construction of the Californian Southern Railroad between National City and San Bernardino, and as well they were involved with the work that was done on the San Diego Flume, which carried water from the Cuyamaca Reservoir to San Diego for 36 miles on 315 redwood trestles and through 5 tunnels. What's more, is that besides providing labor for large projects in irrigation and flood control, the Chinese were also involved largely in the mining of gold and precious gems in the mountains that centered in Julian. Besides fishing, which was one of the activities th

Ozone Depletion Essays -- essays research papers fc

Ozone Depletion A Case for â€Å"Ignoring the Facts†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ozone forms a layer of the earth’s atmosphere that protects us from the sun’s deadly ultraviolet rays. During the last decade there has been a scare set forth by environmental enthusiasts that Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) destroy the ozone layer. Although there has been no evidence of any CFC destruction of the ozone layer there is an international stoppage on using CFCs, as well as an executive order set forth by Clinton to limit the sell and use of CFCs in the United States. These bans are unnecessary , since they are merely based on fear and politics. Basing the ban on evidence can not be possible, because there is no factual evidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This executive order is not only futile, but ridiculous. Facts are the ozone layer is not depleting due to CFCs or any other manmade chemical. Qualified scientists have proven the whole notion of the ozone layer is not something fixed and finite to be destroyed faster and slower rates. It is simply not a depletable resource like a fossil fuel. The process by which CFCs are supposed to deplete it is highly speculative and has never been observed to take place, and even if it did, the effect would be small compared to what happens naturally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ozone is dynamic. It is constantly being created and destroyed, and as long as the sun emits rays the process will continue. Ozone is the Trioxide molecule (O3), which is created by photons radiated from the sun. A normal oxygen molecule (O2) consists of two oxygen atoms, in diatomic form. High energy ultraviolet radiation known as UV-C can split one of these molecules, through a process known as photodissociation, into two free oxygen atoms. These atoms then join with a third oxygen and form ozone. Some ozone is found at ground level, but most occurs in the â€Å"Ozone Layer,† a concentration of O3 approximately 30 miles above the Earth’s surface. Most ozone is produced in the tropics where ultraviolet flux is the strongest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ozone is destroyed by chemical reactions that convert the O3 molecule into O2. The reaction that causes this is mostly nitrogen dioxide (produced in part by high altitude cosmic rays), through ultraviolet dissociation by the same UV-C that creates ozone, and also by a less energetic band know as UV-B, which... ...e negative effects of CFCs are in the tens of thousands, there are no grants to study the positive effects of ultraviolet flux. It is curious that all the grant proposals written by scientists concerning the other side of the CFC issue are being turned down. Is ozone depletion created by political/economical issues? It has not been proven by facts—just ignoring the facts. All this while the media plays on the fears of the general public. As Bob Holzknecht, a CFC engineer for twenty years observes, â€Å"Nobody’s interested in reality. Everyone who knows anything stands to gain. The public will end up paying through the nose, as always, but the public is unorganized and uniformed. Bibliography Begley, Shannon, â€Å"Is the Ozone Hole in Our Heads?† Newsweek, 122, October 11, 1993.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bush, David A., â€Å" Ozone Anxiety: It’s a White Thing,† Harpers Magazine, 287, December 1993.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kerr, Richard A., â€Å"Stratospheric Injection by Volcanic Eruptions,† Science, 260, May 21, 1993   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zurer, Pamela S., â€Å"Researchers Lack Data on Trends in UV Radiation at Earth’s Surface,† Chemical and Engineering News, 71, July 26, 1993

The Ttc: Private, Public, or Private-Public Partnership?

In July 2012, the TTC was evaluated and given a disappointing grade by TTCriders Group based on its performance at five aspects. These five aspects are about fares, transit expansion, accessibility, service frequency, and environmental impact (â€Å"TTC gets†, 2012). Unlike any other major city in North America, the TTC fares covered 70% of its operating cost, which was the highest fare box ratio within the 11 major North American cities (See Appendix 1). After derailed for 16 months, transit expansion plan finally came back on track, still with concerns about certainty of funds.Due to budget constraints, the target timeline of making all new and existing subway accessible has been pushed back several times from 2020 to 2024, then to 2025. The TTC ridership increased by 12. 5% in 2011 while service levels only rose by 8. 4%, resulting in insufficient service to connect our neighborhoods. As for the environmental impact, the TTC collected no data for this purpose (â€Å"The st ate,† 2012). All these issues are mainly accounted for prolonged budget deficits, which the TTC has been struggling for many years.HISTORY OF THE TTC The Toronto Transportation Committee (TTC) is a public transport service agency established in 1954, the third largest transit system in North America that operates streetcar, transit bus, and rapid transit service (subway and RT) in Toronto. The TTC consists of four repaid transit service lines with 69 stations, 149 bus routes and 11 streetcar lines, making 243 connections among them. In 2011, the ridership went up to 500. 2 million, which exceeded all historical records.The TTC service covers the Greater Toronto Area benefited 4. 5 million people. Particularly, the TTC provides Wheel-Trans service that is responsible for door-door accessible transit service for physically disabled people, 2. 7 million trips made through this service in 2011 (â€Å"2011 TTC,† 2011). Toronto Private Transportation Companies 1849-1921 The W illiams Omnibus Bus Line was the first private-owned transportation company in Toronto, which carried passengers in stagecoaches drawn by horses erving a limited area along Young street in 1849. With the population growth, Williams Omni Bus Line was heavily loaded. The city then gave the first transit franchise for a street railway to Alexander Easton’s Toronto Street Railway (TSR) in 1861. After the franchise expired in 1891, the city passed on the right to a new company, the Toronto Railway Company (TRC), under James Ross and William Mackenzie. The TRC made the first electric car ran on August 15, 1892 to meet the franchise requirement.The city limits had extended greatly by 1912. The city attempted many times to force TRC enlarge its serve area, and failed. In order to build several routes and better serve the greater area, the city created its own street railway operation, the Toronto Civic Railways (TCR). By 1921 when TRC’s franchise expired, the city created the Toronto Transportation Commission combined with the TCR (Filey, 1996). Toronto Transportation Commission 1921- 1954 Toronto Transportation Commission went through boom times and down times from 1921 to 1954.Streetcars and railways served progressively in the extended Toronto area. There were many remarkable milestones during this period such as: 575 new â€Å"Peter Witt† street cars entered service in 1921; first gasoline-electric hybrid bus entered service in 1926; in 1927, TTC expanded its lines of service with Island ferry, hydro-electric railway, and other intercity bus service; TTC overcome the stock crash in 1929 and made improvements; 745 PPC streetcars, which are also called â€Å"red rocket†, entered service in 1938; The great moment came on Sep. 8, 1949, that the city of Toronto was symbolized with its opening ceremony of â€Å" Canada’s First Subway†; in 1954 Toronto Transportation Commission was renamed as Toronto Transit Committee (â€Å"A c avalcade,† 1954). TORONTO TRANSIT COMMITTEE AND ITS BUDGET ISSUES Financial Situation at Beginning From the early 1950s, Toronto Transit Committee had been operated by the supervision of Metropolitan Toronto, which was under the auspices of Province of Ontario who united Toronto with other 12 suburbs. Since the opening of its first subway in 1954, TTC had planned to expand its subway due to increasing needs of the largely adjacent Metro area.This plan was facing obstacles because of the quadrupled bus service and the pressure from Metro Toronto to set up unprofitable service to the suburbs. The development of the TTC went forward because of the subsidy of Metro Toronto as well as the Province of Ontario, making the entire capital budget came from taxpayers. In the 1970s and the 1980s, the Toronto Transit Commission was seen worldwide as a ‘transportation showcase’. From 1979 until 1990, it won awards after awards for safety and design (â€Å"A BRIEF,† 2012) .From 1972, the TTC’s operating profit was greatly affected by the request from the City’s political pressure, which was to eliminate the fare zone system to prevent the suburban paying an additional fare. By the late of 1980s, the subsidies from Metro Toronto and the Province was up to a quarter of the taxpayers’ money, which was 32% of the TTC total revenue, however, the subsidy level within the North American cities was still the lowest (â€Å"A BRIEF,† 2012). Budget Cuts from the Province By the late 1990s, budgets shortage became a major issue for the TTC.Previously the TTC’s subsidies were split in halves provided by the Province and the City. On Feb. 18, 1996, the newly elected government of Mike Harris ended the province subsidy for the TTC. In 1998, provincial government put an end to the federal system of Metro Toronto and let Toronto become a unified City. The result was a significant cutback in transit services. The City of Toronto†™s subsidy of the TTC was roughly $150 million, and the TTC had a continental high farebox recovery of 82%. With passengers paying far more for far worse service, the TTC’s ridership had dropped to roughly 360 million (â€Å"A HISTORY,† 2012) (See Appendix 2).From that point on, the TTC has been always struggling among its fare box recovery, city subsidy, and possible subsidy from the province of Ontario. The TTC would sacrifice its frequent service and routes to save its operation cost. The TTC also have many employees working overtime to compromise the labor cost, saying that this way can be more cost efficient than hiring more employees. Nevertheless, the TTC was renowned because of its sunshine list that has more and more employees every year earning more than $100,000 annually. Other ProblemsAlong with struggles for its budget subsidies, the TTC also had been dragged off by other problems such as service cuts, fare hikes, and union strikes. In February 2012, The TTC reduced its frequency service on more than 35 routes in order to meet its targeted operating budget (â€Å"TTC bus,† 2012). In November 2009, the TTC board discussed a fare increases proposal that would generate $62 million (â€Å"TTC fare,† 2009). This fare hike was implemented on January 3, 2010 (Litwinenko, 2009) (See Appendix 3). The bargaining between the TTC and its union had been on and off for decades.In March 2011, at the request of Mayor Rob Ford, the Ontario government agreed to ban transit strikes in Toronto and would pass a bill to set the TTC as an essential service. In a long-run, critics argued that this would cost taxpayers more because TTC contract disputes could cause bigger raise to settle in the arbitration (â€Å"Liberals close,† 2011). OPTIONS FOR THE TTC Given the facts that the TTC consistently facing budget shortage, frequent service reduction and routes cut, and union issues, the discussion of finding solutions for the TTC has bee n ongoing for a long time.Some people think that privatizing the TTC would make the TTC operating efficiently and profitably in the hands of private company. Others argue that private sector emerging in a public transit could be a better option, giving the reason that private sector infuse profitable drives and boost skills in a public transit system. Many others defend that the TTC should stay public in order to serve better for the public rather than only chasing profit as what happened in private companies. Each of them gives insights of this transportation crisis. Privatizing the TTCThe voices of privatizing the TTC is not sound nowadays comparing to 1990s. Corcoran (1990) stated blankly â€Å"mass transit and mass losses go hand in hand†. He doubted the reason of government so heavily involved in public transportation and the seemingly inherent unprofitable operations. Despite the fact that government rejected the proposal by five developers for investment to build the s ubway extension, a public transit system proved its ability in managing this mass system, which was badly managed, underfinanced, poorly planned, and heavily subsidized. Private-Public PartnershipWith regards to privatizing the TTC, many people generally meant to privatize parts of the TTC because they still want the TTC remain the function to serve and benefit the public. Which parts should be privatized could be a complex process of evaluation. City councilor Karen Stintz thought â€Å"adding some private-sector appointees could boost skills on the TTC board without reducing its accountability to the public. Private-sector members could contribute project management, financial and customer service skills† (Kalinowski, 2010). Staying Public Staying public remains its power in many people’s thoughts towards the TTC.These people think public transit should benefit the public in its full strength. Serving the TTC riders at its very best could be conflict sometimes with g aining profit through the operation. Knowing and still offering some money-losing services to benefit its needed riders differentiate the public system from the private or so-called private-public partnership system. â€Å"Keep TTC public†, the message was given through a coalition, the public transit alliance with the members from the Toronto Environmental Alliance, the Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 113, and community activists.They held a $500,000 ad campaign for â€Å"Keep TTC public† to claim that private or private-public partnership can be a disastrous experiment for Torontonians, and the TTC should stay public (Yuen, 2010). The video of â€Å"Keep TTC public† presented compelling reasons against transit privatization, compared with other cities’ transit system that were in either private or private-public partnership. The examples used were London, Melbourne, Auckland, and Vancouver. In 2003, a Private-Public Partnership was introduced in London transit system. This partnership ended in 2009 because the 30 years contacted of ? 7 billion was used up in 7. 5 years, and even overspent more than ? 1 billion. Private companies ran Auckland transport by using the zone system. Due to the tickets difference, riding the similar distance as from Scarborough to Etobicoke would cost $16. 5 in Auckland. When Melbourne government decided to privatize its transit system, its original objective was to reduce the city’s subsidy and increase the quality of service by using the private company. By 1999 when the privatization became effect, the subsidy to the transit system doubled the previous level when it was in public.Till 2010, comparing between Melbourne and Toronto, the subsidy to Melbourne transit system was 4 times than the subsidy for the TTC, while the ridership of Melbourne transit system was just 1/3 of the TTC. Vancouver Canada line was another example for PPP (Private-Public Partnership) which drown money from the bus fa res to subsidize this rapid transit line. This video logically presented the historical cases from different angles to demonstrate the disability of the private system to public transit, giving an inevitable statement that the private company operates for the profit rather than the benefit to the ublic (â€Å"Keep TTC,† 2010). CONCLUSION In December 2011 the 2012 Budget Committee meeting, the TTC presented its less services on many routes because of the subsidy budget cut (Munro, 2011). It is a definite scheme that the TTC will still be facing various problems due to its political context, budget structure, service range, and union issue, simply put as its complexity. Looking back its history and steps of its developments, the TTC managed to meet the service requirement and survived in public for today’s economy. However, the debate of whichever is the best solution for the TTC will still be ongoing.There is no simple answer for this question, but only hopes that peopl e wish the TTC carry on its responsibility in better serving the people in Toronto. REFERENCES: A brief history of transit in Toronto. (2012). Transit Toronto. Retrieved from: http://transit. toronto. on. ca/spare/0012. shtml A calvalcade of progress. (1954). TTC. ca. Retrieved from: http://www. ttc. ca/About_the_TTC/History/cavalcade_of_progress. jsp A history on fares on the TTC. (2012). Transit Toronto. Retrieved from: http://transit. toronto. on. ca/spare/0021. shtml Corcoran.T, (1990). Privatizing the TTC would relieve strain on subway service. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. library. yorku. ca/business/docview/385631727/1383962EB1D56AD7336/2? accountid=15182 Filey. M, (1996). The TTC story. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn Press. Retrieved from: http://www. ttc. ca/About_the_TTC/History/The_first_75_years. jsp Kalinowski. T, (2010). TTC board could could be public, private mix: Non-elected members, bring new skills: Stintz. Toronto Star. Ret rieved from: http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. ibrary. yorku. ca/docview/812554793? accountid=15182 KeepTTCPublicToronto, (2010, September 17). Keep TTC public. Video retrieved from: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=xAmnmehAy3w Liberals close debate on bill declaring TTC essential service. (2011). The Canadian Press. Retrieved from: http://www. cp24. com/liberals-close-debate-on-bill-declaring-ttc-essential-service-1. 614350 Litwinenko. J, (2009). TTC fare hike approved. Blogto. Retrieved from: http://www. blogto. com/city/2009/11/ttc_fare_hike_approved/ TTC bus service cut back. (2012). Toronto Star.Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. library. yorku. ca/business/docview/921300938/138368A888C7C5B89BC/2? accountid=15182 Munro. S, (2011). Can the TTC survive budget 2012?. Torontoist. Retieved from: http://torontoist. com/2011/12/can-the-ttc-survive-budget-2012/ TTC fare hike is unavoidable. (2009). Toronto Start. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com. e zproxy. library. yorku. ca/business/docview/439627577/1383691789B38A6B670/8? accountid=15182 2011 TTC operating Statistics. (2011). TTC. ca. Retrieved from: http://www. TTC. caTTC gets failing grade from TTCriders group. (2012). City News Toronto. Retrieved from: http://www. citytv. com/toronto/citynews/news/local/article/215620–ttc-gets-failing-grade-from-ttcriders-group The state of public transit in Toronto. (TTCriders, 2012). Retrieved from: http://www. ttcriders. ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/The-State-of-Public-Transit-in-Toronto-July-2012. pdf Yuen. J, (2010). Keep TTC public-coalition. Toronto Sun. Retrieved from: http://www. torontosun. com/news/torontoandgta/2010/09/20/15415186. html APPENDIX 1 REVENUE/COST RATIOS – CANADATTC Montreal Ottawa Vancouver 70% (2011) 56% (2009) 43% (2009) 48% (2009) REVENUE/COST RATIOS – U. S. TTC? Atlanta Chicago Los Angeles New York Philadelphia Boston Washington 70% 29% 40% 29% 54% 38% 42% 45% (2011) (2009) (2009) (2009) (2009) (2009) (2009) (2009) Source: City of Toronto Toronto Transit Commission 2011-2020 Capital Plan, http://www. toronto. ca/budget2011/pdf/presentation11_ttc. pdf APPENDIX 2 TORONTO STATISTICS FOR 1921-2004 APPENDIX 3

5 situaciones migratorias que se pueden tener en USA

La situacià ³n migratoria que se tiene en Estados Unidos afecta a los derechos y obligaciones que se tienen segà ºn la ley. Muchas veces es posible cambiar de categorà ­a, mientras que en otros en prà ¡cticamente imposible.     Ciudadanos americanos La inmensa mayorà ­a de las personas que vivimos en Estados Unidos somos ciudadanos americanos. La ciudadanà ­a se puede obtener de cinco formas distintas. La mayorà ­a son ciudadanos desde el momento de su nacimiento pero tambià ©n se puede adquirir posteriormente.   Los ciudadanos tenemos el derecho de vivir y trabajar en Estados Unidos y todos los que nos reconocen las leyes. Pero tambià ©n tenemos obligaciones. Desde el punto de vista migratorio, ser ciudadano tiene importantes ventajas como: imposibilidad de ser deportadosà ³lo en casos extremos y concretos se pierde la ciudadanà ­ase pueden pedir los papeles para varias categorà ­as de familiares y en aplicacià ³n de DAPA los ciudadanos podrà ¡n extender proteccià ³n frente a la deportacià ³n a sus padres y madres. Por à ºltimo recordar que la ciudadanà ­a americana se extiende a los territorios de Estados Unidos como, por ejemplo, Puerto Rico (estos son los documentos que se necesitan para viajar a la Isla). Residentes permanentes legales (LPR por sus siglas en inglà ©s) Los residentes permanentes legales tienen a su nombre una green card, tambià ©n conocida como tarjeta de residencia. Pueden vivir y trabajar indefinidamente en Estados Unidos, pero no son ciudadanos, por los que sus derechos està ¡n mà ¡s limitados y tienen obligaciones que sà ³lo aplican a a ellos. Estas son 13 diferencias entre ciudadanos y residentes que hay que tener presentes. Una vez que se tiene una tarjeta de residencia, en casos muy concretos es temporal (inversores y algunos casos de esposos de ciudadanos), convirtià ©ndose mà ¡s tarde en definitiva, si todo va bien y se cumplen con todos los requisitos legales. En todos los demà ¡s casos es permanente, debià ©ndose renovar antes de que expire.   Los inmigrantes con una green card pueden optar por conservar ese estatus de residentes permanentes o pueden solicitar convertirse en ciudadanos mediante el proceso que se conoce como naturalizacià ³n, una vez que transcurren los plazos mà ­nimos que tienen que esperar los residentes para aplicar por la ciudadanà ­a. Extranjeros con visa no inmigrante En esta categorà ­a entra un amplio grupo de personas. Cada una debe respetar las condiciones de su visado (o, en su caso del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas).En là ­neas generales y para ilustrar las diferencias pueden establecerse las siguientes subcategorà ­as: Visas de doble intencià ³n Son las visas de trabajo H-1B para profesionales y modelos y la L-1 (versià ³n A y B) para ejecutivos, directivos y personal con conocimiento especializado que trabajan para multinacionales.  Son visados muy cotizados.Una de sus grandes ventajas es que son consideradas como visas de doble intencià ³n. Esto quiere decir que su titular no tiene que demostrar la intencià ³n de regresar a su paà ­s y que puede buscar activamente quedarse en Estados Unidos como inmigrante y que le patrocinen una green card. Visas especiales Como la K-3/K-4 para esposos/hijos de ciudadanos americanos, que es poco utilizada o la K-1/K-2 para novios/as de ciudadanos y sus hijos, que es mà ¡s utilizada. Particularmente la K-1 puede dar problemas si no se siguen sus reglas. Se otorga al novio o prometida de un ciudadano americano para que ingrese a Estados Unidos para casarse y a partir de ahà ­, mediante lo que se llama ajuste de estatus, solicitar la green card. Una vez que se ingresa a EEUU hay que seguir todos los requisitos de la visa. Es decir, no casarse a tiempo, de ninguna de las maneras o casarse con otra persona distinta a la que solicità ³ la visa es un error (grave).   Visas no inmigrante Son muchas y muy diversas entre sà ­, con distintas reglas. Pero tienen un elemento en comà ºn: se tiene que demostrar la intencià ³n de no quedarse en Estados Unidos y de tener lazos econà ³micos y/o familiares fuertes en el paà ­s de residencia habitual.   En esta categorà ­a entran visas como las de trabajo, las de estudiante o la de turista e incluso las de inversià ³n como la E-1 para casos de negocios de importacià ³n/exportacià ³n o la E-2 donde hay una inversià ³n sustancial de dinero.   En cuanto a los turistas, pueden ingresar a Estados Unidos con visa B2, en el caso de mexicanos en la frontera con la là ¡ser y chilenos  y espaà ±oles sin visado (si llegan por avià ³n necesitan una ESTA).   Todos los turistas deberà ­an tener en cuenta  con  cuà ¡nta frecuencia se puede ingresar a EEUU como turista  y quà © pasa si una persona se queda en Estados Unidos mà ¡s tiempo del permitido. Es cierto que en circunstancias especiales es posible cambiar una visa no inmigrante por  otra visa o incluso una residencia. Pero no siempre. Hay que tener siempre presente las circunstancias y requisitos de la visa que se tiene (o no visa, en su caso) y cà ³mo se quiere hacer el cambio y si es posible y cà ³mo. Para evitar problemas siempre es aconsejable consultar con un abogado de inmigracià ³n e informarse sobre quà © tipo de visa se tiene. Situaciones especiales Algunas personas presentes en Estados Unidos tienen una situacià ³n especial debido a sus circunstancias personales, como por ejemplo: AsiloVisa U para và ­ctimas de violenciaVAWAVisa T para và ­ctimas de trata de personas En general, esas personas con el paso del tiempo y si se cumplen los requisitos acabarà ¡n obteniendo una tarjeta de residencia (green card).Especial mencià ³n merece el caso de los cubanos  que al  aà ±o y un dà ­a de ingresar legalmente pueden pedir la residencia permanente (green card) por  ley de ajuste cubano. Lo que ocurre es que esto à ºltimo suele suceder antes de que se resuelva el caso de asilo y asà ­ la residencia por ajuste cubano cancela al proceso de asilo. Indocumentados Se calcula que en Estados Unidos pueden vivir como indocumentados mà ¡s de 11 millones de personas. Los indocumentados pueden ser deportados, carecen de acceso a beneficios sociales excepto los mà ¡s bà ¡sicos como WIC, en la mayorà ­a de los estados no pueden obtener la licencia de manejar (aunque hay importantes excepciones), etc. Pero no todos los indocumentados son iguales desde el punto de la ley. En la actualidad los jà ³venes que llegaron a Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os pueden acogerse a DACA que les protege frente a la deportacià ³n y les permite obtener un permiso de trabajo por dos aà ±os. Para el resto de los indocumentados que no pueden beneficiarse de DACA las posibilidades de legalizacià ³n son escasas, siendo estos 15 posibles caminos. A tener en cuenta Ciudadanos, residentes permanentes e indocumentados que son jà ³venes y varones tienen todos una misma obligacià ³n: cumplir con el Servicio Selectivo. Y donde hay migrantes, desgraciadamente hay personas que intentan tomar ventaja de su situacià ³n y prometen beneficios migratorios que no son posibles a cambio de dinero. Si se es và ­ctima de un fraude migratorio, considerar reportarlo. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.