The Tax Issue Regarding Volunteer Mileage Rate - 1321 Words

Every year we are faced with the undesirable task of filing taxes. While the non-profit sector may not necessarily be entrepreneurial in nature, it does not mean they are entirely exempt of the taxation burden especially for those who are employed receiving salaries versus those volunteering their time for free. I would like to discuss a tax issue regarding volunteer mileage rate. Volunteers who use their personal vehicle to perform work for a nonprofit are only allowed deducting 14 cents per mile while the standard business mileage rate is currently 57.5 cents per mile for the current year 2015. Volunteering is more than just doing something for free. It is taking someone’s skills and utilizing them to help the community without the†¦show more content†¦How making the change is motivational for volunteerism As with a paid employee, volunteers need the same motivational push to perform and be their best and return on a regular basis. However, with increased fuel costs, those who regularly give of themselves will stop volunteering. The motive is not to have a different mileage rate, just one equivalent to those receiving an actual fiscal benefit for their services. A volunteer may already have personal, financial, professional, and in some cases emotional ties that may possibly deprave a person’s motivation when making decisions. Why add to the burden when it can be a benefit for those charitably contributing to society. Incentivizing an individual with a form of indirect remuneration can motivate someone to continue serving a non-profit organization. While Government may grant a tax-exempt status to an organization it does not extend the exemption to the individuals carrying out the duties and burdens imposed on and related to volunteering. While it could be argued that non- profit’s should receive more, having this mileage rate equal to the private sector is a great way to keep volunteers on the road. The Non-profit

Support Services Available For People Living With...

There are many support services available for people living with disabilities. It is important these services are in place to ensure disabled people have the same opportunities as everyone else. The Equality Act was put into place in 2010 to ‘support the rights of disabled students by giving greater legal protection against discrimination’. (Disability Rights UK, 2012) The act emphasises the legal duty on education providers, employers and service providers to make appropriate changes in order for disabled people to take part in education, use services and work. The act was in place to bring together different laws that cover discrimination into one. Therefore the act says that disabled people should be treated equally and protection†¦show more content†¦Specialist support services are tailored to an individual needs and are different to other support services as the individual can be supported during the day, in the evening, over night and/or at weekends. Not all services can offer support at such flexible hours. Specialist services are beneficial to an individual with disabilities as they are flexible, offer expert personalized support and can offer support to people with a range of complex needs; furthermore, this service can also be funded by a local authority. (Mencap, 2016) There are many other support services that have a positive impact of a person living with a disability for example; befriending and mentoring services are in place for disabled people as well as families of disabled people to provide short-term, one-to-one support. This support can range from emotional support, coping skills, new ideas and working towards goals. (Scope, 2016) Another example of support would be professionals in place to support disabled people to find jobs, work experience and volunteering opportunities that will develop their careers and allow the individual to feel valued. A wide range of policies effect the lives of disabled people both directly and indirectly. The government introduced a wide range of policies such as the Disability Discrimination Act

E-Marketing Presentation Free Essays

Good afternoon tutor and students. I would like to present you an e-marketing plan proposal of Royal Brisbane and women’s hospital foundation today. During the proposal I would like to introduce the RBWH foundation company and clearly identify the website that forms the basis. We will write a custom essay sample on E-Marketing Presentation or any similar topic only for you Order Now As many of the people know, Royal Brisbane and women’s hospital is one of the largest hospitals in Queensland. However, the RBWH foundation is the charity arm of the hospital that was first publicly in 1985. There are two of the mean projects in RBWH foundation; there are Mother’s Milk Bank and P. A. R. T. Y. Program. It also has the largest cancer services in Queensland. Therefore, the aim of the foundation is to raising funds to help and save lifes. The marketing and communication of Royal Brisbane and women’s hospital foundation are promoting on different ways. Such as newsletters by emails, Royal Mums, information on the Queensland health website, RBWH’s own websites and facebook page. As everyone knows, Internet communication is the fastest way to marketing the brand name and the best way to advertising the company. A website should have four generic objectives on it. It should be strategic, integrated, targeted or measurable. This is called marketing effectiveness. However, a successful website must have the key website measurement. Site usage, site content analysis, quantity assurance and how visitor arrived at the site. Home page is the first impression of the websites; it is the most important part. We can clearly see that there is a big labeled of the company name on the left top. It makes a clear mind of the name to the visitors. Also there is a big â€Å"donate now† button on the right top as this is an institution of donation charity. It makes more comfortable for the visitor where the way they can donate. Also make a clearly mind for the visitor what is the meant purpose of this institution want. The menu bar of the home page site shows up all the based information what should the visitor wants be on. Such as â€Å"contact†, â€Å"About us†, â€Å"support†, â€Å"research† and â€Å"Project†, there is a good marketing effect for researching bar, as this is the earlier and quickies way to make the visitors go to the page what they want to visit. Also Facebook page is the most successful part of the website, as facebook got the top view rate in the world. Almost everyone is using facebook in people’s lifetime. Created a facebook page not just can advertised the brand name quickly also can send visitor who do not know about the RBWH foundation to it own site. However, the website do not show out the number which people repeatedly visit the site. And do not have it search terms people used to find the site. Therefore it will lose visitors because of it. These what they need to improve to make the site more perfect. In concluding my presentation, the Royal Brisbane women’s hospital foundation website is a successful example. As it clearly showed up the visitor what the detail information and what suppose to be in the home page and information page. It also connect to a facebook page to do a free advertising for a successful E-marketing way to let more people to know more about RBWH. However, it also need to improve more, such as showing a number which people repeatedly visit the site and search terms people used to find the website. If the website takes the e-marketing promotion more important it will improve the number of visitor and more life will be save and help. This is the end of my presentation, thank you for your time. How to cite E-Marketing Presentation, Essay examples

Research Report on Animal Cloning for Biological Technique

Question: Discuss about theResearch Report on Animal Cloning for Biological Technique. Answer: Introduction Cloning is a biological technique that is used to create a new organism that is genetically identical to another organism. The first idea of cloning was brought forward by German Embryologist Hans Spemann in 1935. However, initially, only trees and plans were cloned successfully. Animal cloning attempts were started much later around the 1980s when various species like frogs, pigs and others were used to develop clones. The first successful clone of a mammal was of a sheep (named Dolly) that was born in 1996 (Song et al., 2016). From that point of time till now, many attempts have been made to clone various other species especially critically endangered or extinct species so that they can be brought back into the world. However, the cloned animals were born, most of them died early due to various organ complications (lung problems in most of the cases). Moreover, it has been found that of all cloning experiments conducted, only around 30% have been successful. With increasing researc h on cloning, ideas have arisen regarding the possibility of cloning a human being (Bohrer Bordignon, 2016). However, human cloning has since been branded as illegal in order to protect ethical and religious beliefs of many communities. Before this, human cloning experiments have been conducted and some scientists were even successful in cloning human embryos. In recent times, researchers have proposed to conduct cloning techniques for therapeutic purposes. However, the ethical factor for such research is still under debate (as many consider it to be an unsafe technology and may result in abuse of the subject) and such, no such implementation has been done yet. In this research report, the subject of animal cloning has been researched in detail and its ethical implications have been discussed. Furthermore, a literature review has been conducted in order to gather some more information on the same topic. Animal Cloning: A Detailed Research Literature Review According to Heinrichs (2017), cloning or agamic generation is a normal type of reproduction that is mainly found in some plants and microorganisms. All plant organs can be wellsprings of agamic propagation, yet stems are the most widely recognized ones. Agamic multiplication incorporates maturing (jellyfish, corals and tapeworms), fracture (worms), and parthenogenesis (a few fishes, bugs, frogs and reptiles). Over the ground stems (stolons) of strawberry plants deliver new plants. Underground stems incorporate rhizomes, globules, corms and tubers. Leaves in irises and underlying foundations of aspen are additionally wellsprings of new plants. In animals the conceptive procedure is likewise broadened to the point that any instrument we can envision has just been executed (Slack, 2014). The different types of agamic multiplication exist together with hermaphroditism and indiscriminate outside and inner sexual intercourse. However, the majority of the animals replicate through partheno genesis just at specific circumstances. Aphids utilize parthenogenesis in the spring when they wind up with adequate sustenance. Parthenogenesis is faster than sexual proliferation and allows speedy abuse of accessible assets (Nichols, 2016). In bumble bees, prepared eggs move toward becoming females, while haploid unfertilised (parthenogenetic) eggs move toward becoming guys. However, it ought to be noticed that abiogenetic multiplication of warm blooded animals isn't a normally happening marvel in spite of the fact that in mammalian generation hereditarily indistinguishable people, known as monozygotic twins, do happen. As per Saliba et al. (2014), these can however not be considered clones in this regard on the grounds that: (a) they are not the consequence of agamic generation and (b) they share all their hereditary material where misleadingly delivered clones just offer their center DNA, though the mitochondrial DNA varies. Dynamic acceptance of agamic plant generation (utilizi ng joining and establishing) has been a typical practice in agribusiness since early mankind's history. It has been utilized to breed and hold especially attractive qualities, for example, development, flavor and protection. In this manner, cloning is another wonder in the historical backdrop of human advancement of ranch animal species (Dillen et al., 2013). The primary cloning investigates animals date from the nineteenth century. In 1891 Hans Driesch isolated the blastomeres (cells framed in the main phases of embryonic improvement) of a two-cell developing life of ocean urchin mechanically by shaking them in seawater. For this situation, one might say that people have utilized the normally happening procedure of generation of the coveted plant species. Be that as it may, with regards to cultivate animals, abiogenetic proliferation in nature is on a par with non-existent. They all imitate by joining the qualities of two individual life forms. The cells began to develop freely and shaped two entire ocean urchins (Ni et al., 2014). After eleven years a similar test, with comparative outcomes, was performed by Hans Spemann in a vertebrate (lizard) utilizing a hair from his child kid to isolate the cells. In any case, the inaccessibility of a productive taking care of framework and, all the more critically, absence of acknowledgment that mammalian oocytes and preimplantation incipient organisms require entirely controlled temperature for advancement hampered the use of the method to warm blooded creatures for just about 80 years (Jin et al, 2017). In the long run the primary fruitful fetus part was performed in local animals with the reason for quick augmentation of profitable people. A proficient animal cloning innovation would give numerous new chances to domesticated animals agribusiness, human prescription, and animal protection. Atomic cloning includes the generation of animals that are hereditarily indistinguishable to the contributor cells utilized as a part of a strategy known as Nucleus Transfer (NT). A large number of the pregnancy misfortunes identify with disappointment of the placenta to create and work accurately. Placental brokenness may likewise have an unfavorable effect on postnatal wellbeing (Ogura, Inoue Wakayama, 2013). These peculiarities are most likely because of off base epigenetic reconstructing of the contributor genome following NT, prompting improper examples of quality articulation amid the improvement of clones. Nonetheless, at exhibit it is a wasteful procedure: in dairy cattle, just around 6% of the developing lives exchanged to the conceptive tracts of beneficiary bovines result in solid, longterm surviving clones (Cibelli et al. , 2013). Of concern are the high misfortunes all through incubation, amid birth and in the post-natal period through to adulthood. While some physiological tests on surviving clones recommend typicality, different reports show an assortment of post-natal clone-related variations from the norm. This changeability in result may reflect species-particular or potentially cloning methodological contrasts. Significantly, to date it gives the idea that these clone-related phenotypes are not transmitted to posterity following sexual propagation. This demonstrates they speak to epigenetic blunders, as opposed to hereditary mistakes, which are amended amid gametogenesis. While this needs affirmation at the atomic level, it gives beginning trust in the principal use of NT in horticulture, specifically, the creation of little quantities of cloned cows from hereditarily recreated bulls, for normal mating, to successfully disperse hereditary pick up. Notwithstanding the animal welfare worries wit h the innovation, the hidden wellbeing of the animals and the significant impact on sustenance security are basic perspectives that expect examination to increase administrative and shopper acknowledgment (Fernandes et al., 2016). The fundamental procedure was first created in creatures of land and water in the 1950s and was utilized to explore atomic totipotency in separated cell populaces. In domesticated animals species, undifferentiated embryonic blastomeres were first utilized effectively in sheep, dairy cattle and pigs. In later circumstances, embryonic NT has been stretched out in mice to incorporate the utilization of other undifferentiated cell sorts including embryonic foundational microorganisms got from the internal cell mass of blastocysts. Future changes in animal cloning will to a great extent emerge from a more noteworthy comprehension of the atomic systems of reinventing. The creation of atomic clones is a multi-step process that basically produces a whole living be ing from the atomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of a solitary benefactor cell utilizing the nuclear transfer process (Yu et al., 2016). On the other hand, the utilization of more separated cell sorts got from either developing lives, embryos or most essentially grown-up animals, as on account of 'Dolly' the sheep, toppled a doctrine in science concerning atomic totipotency from grown-up cells and has opened new open doors and headings in look into. This has been named substantial cell NT to recognize it from embryonic NT. Methodology This research is mainly based on analytic study of existing works on animal cloning as well as review of current happenings regarding animal cloning research works. The entire research has been carried out with the help of extensive literature review that provided sufficient information regarding the history of animal cloning as well as future scope of research. Moreover, sources like research journals, newspapers and recent blogs have been used to find recent news of animal cloning research and what the scientists are currently trying to achieve. Discussion the likelihood of switching the procedure of cell separation and, subsequently, of utilizing more created cells for atomic exchange had been portrayed in 1938 by Hans Spemann. He proposed that one could exchange cores of morula organize incipient organisms (around 4 days old) or "more established cores of different cells" into enucleated eggs. He called the thought "to some degree phenomenal" as a result of the predictable specialized troubles. Abnormally, the two researchers who in the end completed Spemann's phenomenal analysis had not by any means found out about his proposition at the time. Utilizing frogs, Mohammed, Ma and Lei (2017) evacuated the cores of beneficiary eggs and embedded a contributor core. At first, the contributor cores were gotten from morula arrange incipient organisms. Later they originated from tadpoles and from intestinal epithelium. The strategy brought about an extensive accomplishment in early advancement of incipient organisms. Be that as it may, the mo re separated benefactor cells was, the less achievement could be acquired in the propelled phase of improvement. The work was proceeded by numerous researchers. By the by (albeit a few audits state generally), the full formative cycle couldn't be finished: giver cells from tadpoles brought about completely created frogs, and contributor cells from completely created frogs brought about tadpoles, yet no grown-up frogs were cloned from grown-up frog cells. It might seem impossible to miss that researchers did not endeavor to utilize grown-up physical cells as nucleic contributors in the mammalian investigations performed in the vicinity of 1986 and 1997. According to Keefer (2015), despite the fact that some prior productions had shown that refined cells of incipient organisms at a propelled phase of advancement could be utilized as givers for atomic exchange, the introduction of Dolly was required for wide acknowledgment that it was conceivable to clone a developed animal by evacuati ng the core of a physical cell from a grown-up and embeddings it into an enucleated egg. The cloned posterity disorder is a continuum, in that lethality or anomalous phenotypes may happen at any period of advancement, contingent on the level of dysregulation of key qualities, probably because of principal blunders in epigenetic reconstructing. Indeed, even evidently typical clones may have strange direction of numerous qualities that are excessively unpretentious, making it impossible to bring about a conspicuous phenotype. There has been much verbal confrontation about Dolly's abbreviated telomeres and the likelihood of untimely maturing and early beginning of illness in clones. Telomeres are districts of DNA at the finishes of chromosomes which continuously abbreviate after every cell division in most substantial cell sorts. While Dolly may have created joint inflammation and was euthanised at a generally youthful age on account of a virallyinduced lung tumor, this may have come a bout because of her to a great extent indoor lodging and dealing with instead of the way that she was a clone. Different examinations have been opposing concerning telomere length in clones, with reports of rebuilding to ordinary in dairy cattle and mice and even examples of broadened telomere lengths. The disclosure of a telomere length rebuilding process that happens amid early embryogenesis seems in charge of this. Typical telomere lengths have even been accounted for after rehashed recloning in mice and cows and particularly, in the spermatozoa of physical cell cloned bulls and ensuing descendants. Along these lines, in cows and mice in any event, it gives the idea that telomere disintegration by and large does not happen in clones and is thusly improbable to cause the long haul wellbeing and decreased future concerns raised by numerous current reports. The larger part of (male) mice cloned from youthful Sertoli cells kicked the bucket after roughly 500 days, which was around ha lf of the life expectancy in control mice. The reasons for death were extreme pneumonia and hepatic disappointment. It stays to be resolved whether this is a general wonder with clones, however it seems, by all accounts, to be both cell sort and genotype particular, with other cloned mice having evidently ordinary life expectancies. The mouse demonstrate has the upside of a shorter age interim and natural life expectancy to screen for these impacts. While it is empowering that a few examinations report ordinary soundness of four year old cow-like clones, it is too soon to recognize if phenotypes with shorter life expectancies will likewise happen among animals. In spite of the fact that an imperative issue, regardless of the possibility that cloning were to abbreviate life expectancy, it might be of little hugeness in farming. In business hamburger generation, for example, cows might be butchered at target live weight inside two years, or in the dairy business the normal life expect ancy of a bovine in the group is just six years. In these cases, the profitable existence of cultivated animals is considerably not as much as far as possible for the species. In any case, considers demonstrate that amongst weaning and four years old, the yearly death rate in steers cloned from physical cells is no less than 8%. This is in stamped differentiation to the unimportant mortality experienced with the posterity of clones and the commonly acknowledged mortality of 2% to 3% for every annum in traditional peaceful cultivating. In spite of the fact that the purposes behind death among the clones are variable, and some possibly preventable, the primary mortality factor past weaning is killing because of musculoskeletal variations from the norm. This incorporates animals with seriously contracted flexor ligaments and those showing unending faltering, especially in draining bovines. This accentuates the point that any fundamental frailties in cloned animals may not be completely uncovered until the point when the animals are worried in some way. Ethical Issues There are a lot of ethical issues associated with animal cloning. As a result of these issues, the animal cloning research has always faced obstacles. Some of the ethical issues with animal cloning are as follows. Animal Rights During the cloning of some species like Pyrenean Ibex (that has been extinct since 2000), the offspring was born successfully but died with a few days or months due to defective lungs. Some other offsprings of other species also died due to other complications. Even the first mammal clone Dolly the sheep died due to accelerated aging process. All these issues have angered the animal activists as they have since demanded stopping of such cloning research activities. According to their argument, cloning of animals is against the law of animal rights and should be banned like human cloning has been banned. Some activists have even termed animal cloning as a torture of the subject animal as well as the cloned animal (owing to the extreme amount of pain most of the cloned animals had to undergo due to various organ complications). Some activists have opined that as the animal cloning should be banned on the same grounds as human cloning. Human Cloning Since the first successful cloning of a mammal was achieved, scientists since have pondered over the idea of cloning human beings. Some scientists were even successful in cloning human embryos using biological fertilization processes. However, human rights activists raised some issues that render the human cloning process unethical. Some of the points that defy the process of human cloning are as follows. Torture: Human cloning is considered as torture of the subjects to some as they think most of the subjects will be unwilling to donate their cells for cloning. Moreover, it is also general belief that no individual will allow researchers to build a new version of him / her with the same looks and genetic characteristics. Security: Although no human clone has been developed yet, it is general belief that if such a clone is made, it will be exactly identical to the subject including genetic characteristics, facial looks, thumb prints and other exclusive individual human characteristics. However, it is feared that if the cloned individual becomes hostile and misuses the subjects identity, there will be no way to differentiate between the two individuals. Hence, there are always security issues related to the human cloning process. Religion: Another main obstacle faced by human cloning is the religious issue. Most religions believe cloning of human is against the Gods will as God is the one and only creator of life and human should not even try to take His place by these scientific experiments. Considering all the different views and risks, human cloning is finally banned all over the world. Conclusion In this research report, the subject of animal cloning has been researched in detail and its ethical implications have been discussed. Furthermore, a literature review has been conducted in order to gather some more information on the same topic. Regardless of the possibility that specialized challenges had been settled and the pregnancy rates enhanced, it would have remained the case that an incipient organism must be part one to two times and in this way can make at most two to four hereditarily indistinguishable kin through fake part. Every one of the analyses depicted above utilized embryonic cells as hotspots for contributor cores. In spite of the fact that an imperative issue, regardless of the possibility that cloning were to abbreviate life expectancy, it might be of little hugeness in farming. In business hamburger generation, for example, cows might be butchered at target live weight inside two years, or in the dairy business the normal life expectancy of a bovine in the gr oup is just six years. In these cases, the profitable existence of cultivated animals is considerably not as much as far as possible for the species. In any case, considers demonstrate that amongst weaning and four years old, the yearly death rate in steers cloned from physical cells is no less than 8%. This is in stamped differentiation to the unimportant mortality experienced with the posterity of clones and the commonly acknowledged mortality of 2% to 3% for every annum in traditional peaceful cultivating. References Bohrer, R. C., Bordignon, V. (2016). CLONING ANIMALS BY NUCLEAR TRANSFER.Biotechnology of animal reproduction/editors, Marcelo Marcondes, 293. Cibelli, J., Wilmut, I. S., Jaenisch, R., Gurdon, J., Lanza, R., West, M., Campbell, K. H. (Eds.). (2013).Principles of cloning. Academic press. Dillen, K., Ferrari, E., Tillie, P., Philippidis, G., Helaine, S. (2013). Contribution to the economic impact assessment of policy options to regulate animal cloning for food production with an economic simulation model. Fernandes, C. C. L., Martins, L. T., Neto, S. G., Tavares, K. C. S., Aguiar, L. H., Caldern, C. E. M., ... Bertolini, L. R. (2016). Gene expression, oocyte quality and embryo production by cloning in goats supplemented with different diets.Small Ruminant Research,144, 255-262. Heinrichs, B. (2017). Ethical Aspects of Animal Cloning for Food Supply Published Online: 2009-01-08| DOI: https://doi. org/10.1515/9783110196832.3. 367.Issues,21. Jin, K., Yu, X., Zhao, R., Wang, Y., Zuo, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, B. (2017). Cloning of chicken (Gallus gallus) CREPT gene and its expression in chicken DF-1 cells.Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology,25(2), 186-195. Keefer, C. L. (2015). Artificial cloning of domestic animals.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,112(29), 8874-8878. Li, E. (2014). Ruchika Jingar ECS 188 March 12, 2014 The Ethics of Human Cloning.Ethics. Matoba, S., Liu, Y., Lu, F., Iwabuchi, K. A., Shen, L., Inoue, A., Zhang, Y. (2014). Embryonic development following somatic cell nuclear transfer impeded by persisting histone methylation.Cell,159(4), 884-895. Mohammed, E. A., Ma, Z. Y., Lei, Z. H. (2017). cDNA Cloning and Distribution of Neuromedin U and its Receptor in the Rabbit.Journal of Veterinary Science Medical Diagnosis,2017. Ni, W., Qiao, J., Hu, S., Zhao, X., Regouski, M., Yang, M., ... Chen, C. (2014). Efficient gene knockout in goats using CRISPR/Cas9 system.PloS one,9(9), e106718. Nichols, A. (2016). Public opinion and policy on animal cloning in Spain. Ogura, A., Inoue, K., Wakayama, T. (2013). Recent advancements in cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer.Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B,368(1609), 20110329. Saliba, W. P., Bayo, H. X. S., Drumond, R. M., Alvim, M. T. T., Matos, S. P. M., Belisrio, H. L. R., ... Mesquita, J. H. L. (2014). Efficiency of bovine commercial cloning.Animal Reproduction,11(3), 481-481. Slack, C. (2014). Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.: What Are the Effects on Cloning Extinct Animals and Agriculture Now That CDNA Is Patentable.Drake J. Agric. L.,19, 347. Song, H., Li, H., Huang, M., Xu, D., Wang, Z., Wang, F. (2016). Big animal cloning using transgenic induced pluripotent stem cells: a case study of goat transgenic induced pluripotent stem cells.Cellular Reprogramming (Formerly" Cloning and Stem Cells"),18(1), 37-47. Verlinden, H., Lismont, E., Marchal, E., Tobe, S., Vanden Broeck, J. (2016). Molecular cloning and characterisation of the allatotropin precursor and receptor in the desert locust. Yu, M., Muteti, C., Ogugo, M., Ritchie, W. A., Raper, J., Kemp, S. (2016). Cloning of the African indigenous cattle breed Kenyan Boran.Animal genetics,47(4), 510-511.

A Wrinkle in Time Book Report Tips

A Wrinkle in Time Book Report Tips A Wrinkle in Time was written by Madeleine L’Engle and published in 1962 by Farrar, Straus, and Giroux of New York. Setting The scenes of A Wrinkle in Time occur in the home of the protagonist and on a variety of planets. In this type of fantasy novel, the willing suspension of disbelief is essential to a deeper understanding of the story. The reader must embrace the other worlds as symbolic of larger abstract ideas. Main Characters Meg Murry, the protagonist of the story. Meg is 14 and considers herself a misfit among her peers. She is an adolescent lacking in maturity and confidence who embarks on a quest to find her father.Charles Wallace Murry, Meg’s five-year-old brother. Charles is a genius and has some telepathic ability. He accompanies his sister on their journey.Calvin O’Keefe, Meg’s close friend and, though popular at school, also considers himself odd next to his peers and family.Mrs. Whatsit, Mrs. Who Mrs. Which, three angelic aliens who accompany the children on their journey.IT The Black Thing, the two antagonists of the novel. Both creatures represent the ultimate evil. Plot A Wrinkle in Time is the story of the Murry children and their search for their missing scientist father. Meg, Charles Wallace, and Calvin are guided by three aliens who act as guardian angels, and who battle the force of The Black Thing as it tries to overcome the universe with evil. As the children move through space and time with the Tesseract, they are met with several challenges that require them to prove their worth. Most important is Meg’s journey to rescue her brother as it is during this time that she must overcome her fears and self-serving immaturity to succeed. Questions and Themes to Ponder Examine the theme of maturity: How does Meg transform over the course of the book?How does Charles Wallace act as a foil to Meg?Why does Charles Wallace become susceptible to the influence of IT? Examine the theme of good vs. evil: Archetypes are recurring symbols that are used repeatedly in art and literature.What archetypes are found in this book and how do they contribute to the development of this theme? What roles do the Murry parents play? How do the goals of IT threaten the Murry family and society at large? Consider the role of religion in the novel: Is there irony in the fact that one of the main characters is named Calvin? Why?How is the Christian ethic depicted? Possible First Sentences â€Å"Good and evil are concepts that transcend the finite regions of time and space.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fear keeps individuals from succeeding and societies from evolving.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Physical journeys often parallel journeys taken within oneself.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Maturation is a common theme in children’s literature.†

Black History - Index of Inventors and Patent Holders

Black History - Index of Inventors and Patent Holders Black history inventors are listed alphabetically: use the A to Z index bar to navigate and select or just browse the many listings. Each listing has the name of the black inventor followed by the patent number(s) which is the unique number assigned to an invention when a patent is issued, the date the patent was issued, and a description of the invention as written by the inventor. If available, links are provided to in-depth articles, biographies, illustrations and photos on each individual inventor or patent. How to submit to the database. R Sammons to Scottron, Shaw to Smith, Smoot to Sweeting T Walter H Sammons #1,362,823, 12/21/1920, Comb Adolphus Samms #3,000,179, 9/19/1961, Rocket engine pump feed system#3,199,455, 8/10/1965, Multiple stage rocket#3,257,089, 6/21/1966, Emergency release for extraction chute#3,310,938, 3/28/1967, Rocket motor fuel feed George T Sampson #312,388, 2/17/1885, Sled propeller#476,416, 6/7/1892, Clothes drier Henry Thomas Sampson #3,140,210, 7/7/1964, Binder system for propellants and explosives#3,212,256, 10/19/1965, Case bonding system for cast composite propellants#3,591,860, 7/6/1971, Gamma-Electrical Cell, (co-inventor George H Miley, this patent is not for cell phone tecnology) Dewey S C Sanderson #3,522,011, 7/28/1970, Urinalysis machine Ralph W Sanderson #3,362,742, 1/9/1968, Hydraulic shock absorber Richard L Saxton #4,392,028, 7/5/1983, Pay telephone with sanitized tissue dispenser Virginia Scharschmidt #1,708,594, 4/9/1929, Safety window cleaning device Henry Scott #4,881,528, 11/21/1989, Spinal traction and support unit used while seated Howard L Scott #3,568,685, 3/9/1971, Treating human, animal and synthetic hair with a waterproofing composition J C Scott #D 212,334, 10/1/1968, Shadow box Linzy Scott #4,275,716, 6/30/1981, Knee brace Robert P Scott #524,223, 8/7/1894, Corn silker Samuel R Scottron #224,732, 2/17/1880, Adjustable window cornice#270,851, 1/16/1883, Cornice#349,525, 9/21/1886, Pole tip#481,720, 8/30/1892, Curtain rod#505,008, 9/12/1893, Supporting bracket R Sammons to Scottron, Shaw to Smith, Smoot to Sweeting T Â   Earl D Shaw #4,529,942, 7/16/1985, Free-electron amplifier device with electromagnetic radiation delay element Glenn Shaw #5,046,776, 9/10/1991, Fascia protector for fuel tank filler Jerry Shelby #5,328,132, 7/12/1994, Engine protection system for recoverable rocket booster Dennis W Shorter #363,089, 5/17/1887, Feed rack Wanda A Sigur #5,084,219, 1/28/1992, Method of fabricating composite structures Esteban Silvera #3,718,157, 5/27/1973, Ram-valve level indicator Joycelyn Simpson look under Joycelyn Harrison Stephen Chambers Skanks #587,165, 7/27/1897, Sleeping car berth register Isadore Small #3,814,948, 6/4/1974, Universal on-delay timer Brinay Smartt #799,498, 9/12/1905, Reversing-valve#935,169, 9/28/1909, Valve gear#1,052,290, 2/4/1913, Wheel Bernard Smith #4,544,535, 10/1/1985, Method or preparing nonlaminating anisotropic boron nitride John Winsor Smith #647,887, 4/17/1900, Game Jonathan S Smith #3,432,314, 3/11/1969, Transparent zirconia composition and process for making same Joseph H Smith #581,785, 5/4/1897, Lawn sprinkler#601,065, 3/22/1898, Lawn sprinkler Mildred E Smith #4,230,321, 10/28/1980, Family relationships card game Morris L Smith #3,389,108, 6/18/1968, Printing fluid comprising an aqueous solution of a water-soluble dye and a thermosetting vinylsulfonium polymer#4,882,221, 11/21/1989, Chemically treated paper products - towel and tissue#4,883,475, 11/28/1989, Chemically treated paper products - towel and tissue Peter D Smith #445,206, 1/27/1891, Potato digger#469,279, 2/23/1892, Grain binder Robert T Smith #1,970,984, 8/21/1934, Spraying machine Samuel C Smith #3,956,925, 5/18/1976, Hardness tester R Sammons to Scottron, Shaw to Smith, Smoot to Sweeting T Â   Lanny S Smoot #4,565,974, 1/21/1986, Optical receiver circuit with active equalizer#4,890,314, 12/26/1989, Teleconferencing facility with high resolution video display#4,928,301, 5/22/1990, Teleconferencing terminal with camera behind display screen William Snow #437,728, 10/7/1890, Liniment Harde Spears #110,599, 12/27/1870, Improvement in portable shields for infantry and artillery Richard Bowie Spikes #972,277, 10/11/1910, Self-locking rack for billiard cues#1,590,557, 6/29/1926, Combination milk bottle opener and cover#1,828,753, 10/27/1932, Method and apparatus for obtaining average samples and temperature of tank liquids#1,889,814, 12/6/1932, Automatic gear shift#1,936,996, 11/28/1933, Transmission and shifting means therefor#3,015,522, 1/2/1962, Automatic safety brake system Osbourne C Stafford #3,522,558, 8/4/1970, Microwave phase shift device Elbert Stallworth #1,687,521, 10/16/1928, Electric heater#1,727,842, 9/10/1929, Electric chamber#1,972,634, 9/4/1934, Alarm clock electric switch Arnold F Stancell #3,657,113, 4/18/1972, Separating fluids with selective membranes George B. D. Stephens #2,762,377, 9/11/1956, Cigarette holder and ash tray John Standard #413,689, 10/29/1889, Oil stove#455,891, 7/14/1891, Refrigerator Albert Clifton Stewart #3,255,044, 6/7/1966, Redox couple radiation cell#3,255,045, 6/7/1966, Electric cell Earl M Stewart #2,031,510, 2/18/1936, Arch and heel support (co-inventor Seymour Shagrin) Enos W Stewart #362,190, 11/27/1887, Punching machine#373,698, 5/3/1887, Machine for forming vehicle seat bars Marvin Charles Stewart #3,395,271, 7/30/1968, Arithmetic unit for digital computers#3,605,063, 9/14/1971, System for interconnecting electrical components Thomas Stewart #375,512, 12/27/1887, Metal bending machine#499,402, 6/13/1893, Mop#499,895, 6/20/1893, Station indicator Henry F Stilwell #1,911,248, 5/30/1933, Means for receiving mail and other matter on aeroplanes while in motion Rufus Stokes #3,378,241, 4/16/1968, Exhaust purifier#3,520,113, 7/14/1970, Air pollution control device Edward H Sutton #149,543, 4/7/1874, Improvement in cotton cultivators James A Sweeting #594,501, 11/30/1897, Device for rolling cigarettes#605,209, 6/7/1898, Combined knife and scoop Continue black history database T

Women and children in mesopotamia Research Paper

Women and children in mesopotamia - Research Paper Example Many cultures have continually improved upon equality for women throughout time, and thus it seems that the ancient world would provide some of the most dangerous and unfair societies for women to live in. However, in Daughters of Isis: Women of Ancient Egypt, Joyce Tildesley argues that women in Ancient Egypt actually experienced a great deal of political and financial freedom (Tildesley, 2005), particularly when compared with its contemporary cultures. A number of goddesses (including Isis herself) played a huge role in Egyptian culture and there were also a huge number of ruling Pharaoh women who were able to take power without marriage to a man. This situation may be due to a huge number of factors, including the unusual geographical features of Egypt, which will be covered within this paper. However, despite the fact that women in Ancient Egypt experienced a number of freedoms that women in Mesopotamia, Ancient Greece and Rome did not have access to (Tildesley, 2005), it is clea r that men still dominated society, and some of the assumptions of fairness are based upon documents that may not be accurate. Geographical Features Ancient Egypt was subject to a number of geographical constraints, mostly related to its place on the river Nile. This is often suggested to have made a difference to the lifestyles that people led within the area and the constraints on what they were allowed to do. As an arid landscape, the Nile River provided the only source of water in the area, and the people relied upon this to grow crops. If the Nile did not flood as expected, food could be scarce for the next year (Stearns, Gosch & Grieshaber, 2008). In this way, the Egyptians placed a lot of emphasis on the way that the river worked and could only work in certain areas dependent on the seasons. It is perhaps this need for flexibility for living and working arrangements that meant that women could have a more flexible attitude towards work and property ownership, which would depe nd on the Nile (Stearns, Gosch & Grieshaber, 2008). Although Ancient Egypt is generally considered to be a separate culture than those surrounding it, it must be noted that there were several visitors to the region who may have had an influence on Egyptian culture (Stearns, Gosch & Grieshaber, 2008). Those from the Greek empire often came, and wrote many observations about the Egyptian way of life. Assyria and Canaan were neighbors, and it is military campaigns between these cultures and the Egyptians that may have played a role in the attempt to eradicate female pharaohs in the New Kingdom. Mesopotamia was also a hugely important ancient culture, and the status of women here represents well the treatment of women in the majority of the ancient world, and thus will be covered in more detail later. Women in Ancient Egypt It is often argued that women held a prized place in Ancient Egyptian society for a number of reasons. There were a huge number of influential female Pharaohs in Anc ient Egypt, including Cleopatra (Tildesley, 2005). The ability of women to hold a ruling position seems to go against much of what occurred within the Ancient World and even within modernized Europe and America. However, it could be argued that there were still a majority of male pharaohs and many of these ruling women did not take part in the same number of administrative duties as the men (Stearns, Gosch & Grieshaber, 2008). Both men and women in ancient Egypt did have the right to own property, as well as take this property with them as part of divorce proceedings. In this area, Egyptian women did seem to have a much more positive role in legal proceedings, particularly when it is noted that these freedoms were not part of

The World is Flat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The World is Flat - Essay Example However as we analyze the economic competitions, we come to know that there are other different variables to the overall economic competition in the globalized world also. Since information technology provide just one aspect of growth, the availability of skilled labor force, the availability of indigenous sources of raw materials etc are some of the core issues which define the competition within any industry whether at the local and regional level or at the globalized level. The arguments put forward in this should also be analyzed in terms of the arguments put forward by Joseph Stieglitz in his book â€Å"Globalization and its discontents†. The supposed exploitative power of globalization has not in fact flattened the world however it has allowed few more countries to come into its folds to exploit those who lack that capability. It is also further be noted that the writer has quoted the examples of China and India while citing the reasons for flattened world however as of now the Indian economy is sliding back. The brief period of Euphoria seems to be ending as the external events such as surge in oil prices, food inflation as well as shortages of essential commodities have forced to kneel down. This suggest that the flattened world have not allowed to grow in economic terms rather allowed it to grow for brief period of time through speculative activities through stock exchange and real estate boom. Author has largely relied on the development into information technology as well as tele-communication technologies as the main events which have connected the world and created an opportunity for the flattened world. The author has however defined ten most important events which have flattened the world. The fall of the Berlin wall is the first major event which has allowed the start of the flattening of the world

Business Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Communication - Assignment Example In the high-context cultures of Japan, China, Arab nations, and most of Latin America, the use of ambiguity and a polite language is the preferred way of conveying a message, while in low-context countries of Scandinavia, the United States of America, Germany, and most of Europe, direct and often frank or confrontational ways of communication are much preferred (â€Å"say what you mean!†). Verbs, metaphors, aphorisms, similes, anecdotes and even silence are used in the high-context cultures to deliver a strong message without diluting its importance (Norales 25). Some key elements of text messaging which should be avoided in electronic mails or e-mail messages are writing informally (since an e-mail is considered more formal than a text message sent by a cellular phone or any mobile device) such as not putting proper headings or proper greetings to the recipient/s, using shortened versions of commonly-used words, usually not checking for proper grammar or spelling mistakes, an d not crafting a good subject line. A person's professionalism shows through in his or her work output; any spelling or grammar mistakes is indicative of a lousy work attitude by not properly checking for these mistakes or errors and having a hectic or busy schedule is no excuse for committing them. A really professional office worker takes time to proofread everything before sending them out, and it is reflective of a good work attitude such as giving due attention to details. It forms part of being a professional such as wearing proper office attire or having a cheerful attitude to all colleagues. So it is a fair basis for making judgment about a person and his work habits as any error-free document shows that person took time to be diligent (Lindsell-Roberts 18). Comprehension implies knowledge and understanding to denote the fact of grasping the meaning, importance, significance, or nature of a thing or an event. In this regard, the idea of comprehension is usually universal bec ause it indicates that if everybody comprehends the same thing or event, there is a general agreement on what it means or its overall significance. On the other hand, interpretation is the act or process of explaining something, such as natural phenomena that was observed, and the way it was comprehended or understood but with the additional layer of being subjective, because the person who interprets something does so in a way that is colored by his own beliefs, customs, knowledge, skills, and even prejudice or bias. There can be different interpretations of the same thing but only one comprehension of it. A provocative question is any question which seeks to instigate or cause arguments, actions, discussions, or even problems and quarrels from the other party to which a question has been addressed to. A provocative question can either be good or bad, depending on the context and intent for which it was originally posed or asked. It is good if it aims to promote a new line of think ing, for example. It is bad if it creates dissension or division or even anger. A question is authentic

Management Of Strategic Policy In Education Education Essay

Management Of Strategic Policy In Education Education Essay What is sport. According to the Concise Oxford Online Dictionary, sport is being described as an activity which involves the physical exertion and skill in which a person or team competes against one another. Sports should be included as part of a whole in a students life. Sports can actually benefits in health and also train one to develop skills like teamwork as they can be the leaders among the students in the sport team. As such, Berry Berry Easy blog claimed that their readers have actually benefitted from their participation in various sports which they most voluntarily participated in the sports of their choice. But in the current era, students are not being active in sports and they need to be forced in order to get them into sports. They prefer playing online games where there is no much physical exertion involves. As so, taking this matter into the consideration, our Ministry of Education in Malaysia have come up with a policy. We would like to highlight the latest 1Student 1Sport policy which is being introduced by the Ministry of Education in Malaysia. This policy is being introduced in the hope that we can produce more students who are well balanced in both academic and sports. Policy implementation, Dye (2002) indicates that implementation involves all of the activities designed to carry out the policies enacted by the legislative branch. These activities include the creation of new organizations like departments, agencies, bureaus, and so on, or the assignment of new responsibilities to existing organizations. These organizations must translate laws into operational rules and regulations. They must hire personnel, draw up contracts, spend money, and perform tasks. All of these activities involve decisions by bureaucrats decisions that determine policy. Definition According the 1M1S Guidebook, it states that One Student One Sport Policy (1M1S) requires all the students to participate in at least one sport activity in schools. This policys main aim is to support the implementation and in line with the National Education Philosophy that focuses to produce individuals who are physically, spiritually, intellectually and emotionally balanced. This policy is in line with the National Sport Policy, which emphasized on the Sports for All and Sports for Excellence. 1M1S policy program requires every student from Standard 4 in primary schools up to Form 6 in secondary school to complete at least one sporting activity conducted in a planned and systematic way. 1S 1M policy is based on the basic principles of physical development of pupils. Hence, 1S 1M policy is created to provide access for all pupils to benefit from participation in sports in particular to those who were less active or not; develop a school sport towards increasing the participation rate of students in at least one sport in schools; and to provide opportunities for all students who are talented and have the potential to be polished to a higher level. (1M1S Guidebook, 2011) According the 1M1S Guidebook, a sport is very important in building up the physical ability of pupils to support and in line with the phrase Minda yang Cerdas terletak pada Tubuh yang Sihat which means an intelligent mind lies within a healthy body. In this circumstance, sports play an important role in nurturing an active, productive and healthy human in order to be able to contribute to the economic development as well as to the social welfare. Thus, a variety of sports were introduced in order to attract the students practicing an active and healthy lifestyle. Ministry of Education (MoE) implemented 1S1M policy so that every student benefits and gets to enjoy the sports in hope of forming the next generation of sports culture in line with the academic requirements (1M1S Guidebook, 2011). Theory and Concept In short, the elite theory is viewed as the preferences and values of governing elite. As said by Dye (2002), public officials and administrators merely carry out the policies decided on by the elite. Policies flow downward from elites to masses; the policy does not arise from mass demands. This elite theory instigates the top-down approach in the policy implementation process. Educational development and policy in Malaysia have always been characterized by governments effort to adapt education to address to social, economic and political development needs of the country. The Malaysian education system is a highly centralized and bureaucratic system where most of the important policy decision making occurs outside the schools. The MoE decides on the allocation of funds to schools, prescribes and standardizes what should be taught in schools, transfers teachers in and out of schools and formulates top-down school reforms (Zabidi, 2012). Approaches and Models According to PÃ ¼lzl and Treib (2006), there are three generations of implementation research that can be categorized into three distinct theoretical approaches in order to study the implementation. The first model described by PÃ ¼lzl and Treib (2006) will be the top-down models in which their emphasis rely on the ability of the decision makers to produce unambiguous policy objectives and on controlling the implementing stage. The second will be the bottom-up models in which it critiques and view the local bureaucrats as the main actors in the policy delivery and conceive of implementation as negotiation processes within networks among the implementers. And lastly the synthesizer theories in which it tries to overcome the divide between the two approaches by incorporating elements of top-down and bottom-up theoretical models. In this case study, we are considering the Top-down theory as we believe that all policies implemented in Malaysia are based on the Top-down theory. It is always been that the policy makers who are the government will annouce the policy that they have planned and let the implementers who are the teachers to implement the policy accordingly. In an article taken from TheStar online dated 18th March 2010, The Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin, said that sports will be introduced to school timetables in year 2011 as a new subject. He also mentioned that under the 1Student, 1Sport policy, secondary school students would get 90 minutes a week to play a game of their choice, while primary pupils would spend 60 minutes weekly. He emphasized that the Physical Education subject would still be taught as it had a specific syllabus. This shows that the Minister is giving the suggestion and also assurance of what the students will get out of the 1M1S policy when it is being implemented. In an article taken from TheStar online dated 14th July 2010, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin mentioned We have informed our officers on the appropriate ways to implement this at both primary and secondary school levels, as students of different ages have a different approach to sports, at a press conference after opening the Second Asean Schools Games at the Kuala Lumpur Football Stadium. This shows that the Malaysia uses the Top-down theory in implementing the 1M1S policy. This excerpt defines that the Ministers cabinet was told on how to implement this policy in schools to cater the needs of different levels of students. Above mentioned articles shows the scenario happening in Malaysia where the Deputy Prime Minister also the Education Minister, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin announces the 1M1S policy in public behalf of the Education Ministry board. This claim can be supported by the top-down theories started from the assumption that policy implementation starts with a decision made by central government as said by PÃ ¼lzl and Treib (2006). As PÃ ¼lzl and Treib (2006) mentioned, the top downers essentially followed a prescriptive approach that interpreted policy as input and implementation as output factors. The author also mentioned due to their emphasis on decisions of central policy makers, deLeon (2001) describes top-down approaches as a governing elite phenomenon. PÃ ¼lzl and Treib (2006) also claimed that Press and Wildavsky started from the assumption that policy objectives are set out by central policy makers in which it refers to the the Ministry of Education. The authors also underlined the linear relationship between agreed policy goals and their implementation. Implementation therefore implied the establishment of adequate bureaucratic procedures to ensure that policies are executed as accurately as possible. To this end, implementing agencies should have sufficient resources at their disposal, and there needs to be a system of clear responsibilities and hierarchical control to supervise the actions of implementers (PÃ ¼lzl and Treib, 2006). This can be seen that the Malaysia Education Ministry assumes the 1M1S policy formation and execution as disticnt activities in which the 1M1S policy is set at the higher levels and then sent out the order of implementation to their lower level bureaucrats who are the implementing agencies; the ed ucation officers in all levels (state,district and school) which are then charged with the managerial, administrative and technical tasks of putting the 1M1S policy into practice. The MoE also gives the time to accomplish the implementation without considering the sufficient resources that needed to ensure the implementation to succeed. Some selected models of policymaking are taken into consideration before implementing the 1M1S policy via top-down approach. The first model that is taken into consideration is the institutionalism model where the model treats the policy as institutional output. According to Dye (2002), the relationship between the public policy and government institutions is very close in which the policy is authoritatively determined, implemented and enforced by government institutions, namely Parliament, Prime Minister, bureaucracies and so on. In accordance to this model, 1M1S policy is being authoritatively determined and enforced by the MoE. The second model that counts is the rationalism model which treats the policy as maximum social gain. Dye (2002), stated that no policy should be adopted if its costs exceed its benefits. The policy is considered rational when the difference between the values it achieves and the values it sacrifices is positive and is greater than any other policy alternatives. Reflecting from this models point of view in this 1M1S policy, the outcome in future will be beneficial to the country as this policy will produce more talented sports people in various sports activities, get participated in many international games and making our country proud by winning more medals in various games. Implementation Techniques Utilized In the case of 1 Student 1 Sport (1M1S) policy, information provision technique is highly utilized. The provision of information is an essential element of the functioning of any community. Providing information in a timely and targeted manner can be a huge benefit. Without a means to provide facts and data, policy implementers would not be able to make well-considered decisions about how the policy should be operated. The 1M1S Policy Implementation Handbook was published in order to help policy implementers with the dispersion of the policy. Through the handbook, the states education office, the districts education office, the schools sport development committee, the teachers, as well as the Parents Teachers Associations, are given guidelines on how to employ the policy. School sports program implementation under 1M1S policy is to be conducted throughout the year. However, schools are encouraged to plan the implementation of sports programs in accordance with the availability, affordability and creativity and innovation the schools. There are a total of 42 different sports/games intended for the implementation of the 1M1S. The policy makers also proposed some sports activities to be carried out throughout the year. For example general sports programs which includes cross-country, and track and field. In the handbook, 15 strategies in carrying out the 1M1S policy were also presented. Every school is recommended to follow the strategies presented depending on the facility and the existing infrastructure in schools. Schools are given the flexibility to choose, determine or modify the method of execution as appropriate, means and needs of the school. Schools may also plan other methods if deemed appropriate. Some examples of those strategies would be to undertake survey to identify student interest in certain sports, survey of sports facilities in and outside the school that can be used by students, and scheduling school sports program activities in accordance with the appropriate time based on the background and school facilities. The Ministry of Education also provided sports training modules for school sports club advisory teachers. Currently there are 20 training modules for 10 different sports are made available for both primary and secondary schools through the MoEs website. These modules are helpful as guidelines for sports club advisory teachers and trainers, and are also useful as visual aids for students in the course of their training. The management guideline for track and field (athletics) championships in school is also made available in the MoEs website. This is useful as it will aid teachers especially novice teachers in managing athletics championships in school, as it provides proper guidance. Professional circulars, and sports and co-curriculum press letters are also given out by the MoE from time to time, in order to steer policy implementers towards achieving the goal of the policy. Thus it is evident that, in the implementation of 1M1S, the policy makers rely heavily on information provision as an instrument of policy implementation. Implementers Involved There are many implementers involved in the diffusion of 1 Student 1 Sport. As the students are the target group for the policy, the school itself is the main implementer of the policy. The school must hold competitions between levels, classes, sports houses, dorms, and sports clubs of schools. The students participation in the District School Sports Council (Majlis Sukan Sekolah-Sekolah Daerah [MSSD]) or State School Sports Council (MSSM) competitions as well as on international level are counted as 1Student 1Sport activities. But who is the school? Who is responsible for all those competition? Every school has a School Sports Development Committee. Teachers are a big part of the implementers involved. Teachers are appointed as heads of smaller managing committees, sports/club advisors, and also trainers. This is indeed a great challenge for teachers, as they are already laden with other school tasks. The Co-curricular Senior Assistant Teacher is also an important implementer figure. The Co-curricular Senior Assistant Teacher is responsible for the smooth administration of the co-curricular activities, enhancing student performance as well as the involvement and participation of teachers in extra-curricular activities. Moreover, they are also responsible to work with the Parents Teachers Association (PTA) of the schools regarding co-curriculum matters, who are the implementers involved as well. Parents Teachers Associations are also integral to the implementation of the policy. With support and provisions by the PTA, it can provide insights and lessen the burden of the teachers in the diffusion of the policy. The Chairman of the School Sports Development Committee is the principal/headmaster of the schools. The District Education Office acts as the advisor, while the State Education Office is the Patron of the School Sports Development Committee. The Principal monitors the operation of the policy at the school level. They then report to the District Education Office, and then the District Education Office reports to the State Education Office. These policy implementers face the reality of promoting the learning of sports to groups of students, with all their diversity and complexity. Moreover each context creates a set of variable with which policy implementers must contend, and policy initiators are often unaware or unimpressed. Policy makers and policy implementers want the same things the best possible educational sports experience for students. These implementers are important in assuring the success of the 1M1S policy diffusion. Monitoring Monitoring helps to access degrees of compliance, discover unintended consequences of policies and programs, identify implementational obstacles and constraints, and locate sources of responsibility for departures from policy. (Dunn, 1994). According to Dunn, there are 2 levels of monitoring: Macroimplementation Monitoring and Microimplementation Monitoring. Macroimplementation monitoring consists of tracing the process by which a policy progresses from legislation to action in order to determine: (i) what is being implemented, (ii) why is it taking a particular form, and (iii) what actions can be taken to influence implementation. Microimplementation monitoring consists of collecting information to describe the a policy has taken in various implementing jurisdictions in order to determine: (i) the extent of compliance, (ii) the adaptation a policy has undergone, (iii) reasons for noncompliance and adaptation, and (iv) manipulatable aspects of implementation. Monitoring of the implementation of the management of 1M1S by the school management is part of the strategy to evaluate and ensure the success and effectiveness of sporting activities undertaken. This aims to examine aspects of management and use of equipment, regulatory compliance, health, safety and welfare and student participation in school sports program. The monitoring process shall be conducted by the school management throughout the year. Improvements are to be carried out by the school from time to time to ensure the implementation of the 1M1S. Policy Problems Policy problems are unrealized needs, values, or opportunities for improvement that may be pursued through public action, as defined by David Dery. According to Russell A. Ackoff, policy problems are products of thought acting on environments; they are elements of problems situation. William N. Dunn also stated that policy problems are the products of subjective human judgment. There are three questions to be considered about the nature of policy problems, as suggested by William N. Dunn. How well do we understand the problem? Have we identified the right objectives? Are we solving the wrong formulation of problem when we should be solving the right one? Problems Encountered in One Student One Sport The availability of school infrastructure School infrastructure is the prior fundamental requirement for the success implementation of the policy One Student One Sport. Schools should have provided adequate sports facilities and equipment to maximize the opportunities of physical activities. Lacking of space, playing fields, sports equipment will cause the deficiency of the policy. Moreover, the variation of sports and its equipment is much limited in schools. Schools in Malaysia which have already established for years inevitably needed an upgrading. The readiness of teachers as sports trainers Teachers are undoubtedly the implementers of the policy, which is to be the sports trainers in schools. Their readiness in terms of physically, mentally or technically is dubious indeed. Most teachers who are involved are assigned by the management of schools. They do not have relevant qualification in sports coaching or physical education. It is a setback for them to coach students instructionally appropriate. The implementation of this policy should not be just letting students to play any sport they wish as usual. The choices of sports in schools The choices of sports in schools are limited as the sports facilities and equipment are not adequate. For those existing sports facilities and equipment in schools, some of them are not well maintained too. As the policy One Student One Sport focuses on students, it is crucial to take in students personal interest of the particular sports into consideration. Hence, the choices of sports in schools are most probably in short supply to cater for students need in their selected physical activities. The different abilities of students Students physical ability is one essential factor to be reflected in the policy of One Student One Sport. Students with strong physical ability or competence will be motivated to participate actively in sports and thus bringing this policy a success. Nevertheless, students who have low physical competence will be marginalized as they are not able to enjoy the sports activities in schools. As a result, they lose interest in sports and this policy becomes an extra burden in their schooling days. The ratio between the number of students and teachers The ratio between students and teachers is an influence factor towards the policy attainment. In most schools, the number of teachers is far more exceeding the number of students. The number of students as participants is not meeting the expected amount. Students tend to defend their absence or nonparticipation by giving all sorts of excuses. The lack of support from parents Parents support directly impacts on the policy of One Student One Sport; either it is a bane or boon. Parents support helps students in developing their interest in sports. However, parents nowadays place a strong emphasis on academic excellence of their children. Students who are examination oriented failed to be beneficial from the policy. Solutions of the policy problems Solution of the policy problems produce information about the likelihood that future courses of action will result in consequences that are valuable to some individual, group or society as a whole, as stated by William N. Dunn. He added that this process engages between the transformations of information about policy futures to action which will then come in valued results. Any solution to the policy problems must be actionable, that is going beyond the fact and involving actions that aim to satisfy need, values and opportunities for improvement, (Alexander George, 1980). Solutions to the Problems Encountered in One Student One Sport Increase the allocation of sports fund in schools Allocation of sports funds in schools should be increased in order to improve on the schools infrastructure. Sports facilities and equipment have to be expanded in terms of quantity, whereas the existing facilities and equipment should be upgraded, especially in their quality. Variation of sports activities should be added in as well as introduced in schools for students. By having a variety of choices, students can have better chance to develop their interest in sports. As a result, the number of students who participate in sports will be raised. Select the right teachers as sports trainers Teachers have to be equipped with high quality coaching skills for the particular sports that they are in charged with. Students need to master the basic skills in their chosen sports as a kick start for their development of interest in sports through teachers coaching. Therefore, teachers as sports trainers have to be instructionally skilled in certain sports. Expertise and technical skills of sports trainers make a difference in students life. Schools management can provide sufficient supports to teachers as a mean to enhance their enthusiasm of being sports trainers in schools. Incorporate sports as part of academic Sports can be incorporated as part of academic as a way to encourage students to be more actively engaged in it. Sports can be integrated in schooling hours, but not to be in the extension of schooling hours. This is hopefully to re-gather the support of parents to encourage their childrens participation. It is intended to minimize the inconvenience of sending their children back to school after schooling hours. Furthermore, sports activities can be accountable for higher percentage in students academic as to counter the problem of examination oriented mindset, either of the students or the parents. Conclusion Every policy started off with a noble purpose. However, the process of implementing it in reality is what it really matters after all. It is not to say that the noble purposes are there to defend any deficiency of the outcomes. Hence, policy in action is what to be the main focus. Undeniably, the evaluation of policy comes after the implementation over a period of time. Problems are identified and then followed by recommended solution. It is a process, a cycle which keeps going on. Sport is an integral part in ones life. One Student One Sport is a policy with the vision of creating a balance and healthy lifestyle among students. It is indeed a well plan policy which seen to be a complete one for the society, schools, teachers and students. Nevertheless, to implement any policy in Malaysia, it has to be confronted with all aspects considering the fact of every school where it will be the setting of the policy implementation. One policy is not to be able to fulfil every ones need.

The International Space Station Essay -- Science Space Exploration

The International Space Station is the doorway to the future of mankind and the world as it is known. The scientific and medical discoveries that will be made on the station could create billions of dollars annually. A plan like this, arranged to benefit the whole world economy, should sound like a good idea to every person, but some believe that the ISS is too risky, too ineffective, or too costly to create. Whether or not the space station is worth the money, time, and effort, one thing is clear, everyone is interested in this virtual floating laboratory and what assets or liabilities it will bring. The future of scientific experimentation and exploration may be located, not on earth, but on the man made island called the International Space Station. Of all the factors that go into building a space station, construction of the massive object is the most tedious objective. During the building of the ISS, tensions have run high several times when deadlines were missed or funds were not available. This space station is the most expansive mission the world has ever encountered. The International Space Station will be a fifteen country mission. When finished, it will boast over an acre of solar panels for heating and energy, have a volume roughly sizable to two jumbo jets, and contain four times the electrical power of the Russian space station, Mir. It will take approximately forty-five flights over the next five years to assemble the one hundred pieces of the station while circling the orbit of the earth (Goldin 11). This floating station, the size of a large football stadium, which is traveling at over 17,500 miles per hour around the earth, will have a minimum life expectancy of only ten years, although scientists hope for a muc... ... to tell anyone the outcome of the experiments on the International Space Station. It is a complex machine that may create fantastic results or become a large waste of time and effort, but until the world tries, it will never know which might be the most disappointing thing of all. For now, all anyone has is hope for a brighter future, and the chance that the International Space Station may bring them a step closer to that reality. â€Å"The orbiting laboratory serves as a symbol of our future. A future that embodies the dreams of our children and that promises untold discoveries for the next millennium. One that fulfills our innate human nature to explore. And one that benefits all people of all nations.† (Goldin 11) The International Space Station is the beginning. It is the beginning of a world that is working towards a better understanding of everything around it.

Signal Transduction Exam 2018

This figure is from Labasque et al., 2008 (GPCR week). A) Describe the experiment shown here and what was learned as a result. B) Design a negative control for this experiment and describe why it is a good control. C) Design an experiment to confirm this result in living cells. Please include controls in your experimental design. Signal Transduction Exam 2018 A) The experiment was performed on human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cell line. The extracts of solubilized proteins were taken under consideration for this experiment. These were then transfected with different vectors: CTL (empty vectors), co-transfected with GFP fused Calmodulin(GFP-CaM) and serotonin receptor either wild type 5-HT2C or 5-HT2CR376/377A which were treated with a vehicle or 5-HT for five minutes, they analyzed the binding reaction by Western Blot and Immunoprecipitation (IP) techniques. Immunoprecipitation was done of these soluble proteins with polyclonal antibody:anti-GFP. Furthermore, these immunoprecipitated proteins were blotted using a monoclonal anti-GFP antibody along with anti-5-HT2C receptor antibody.As a result of this experiment, it was found that the absence of agonist, 5-HT2C receptor did not co-immunoprecipitate with calmodulin in solubilized proteins that were co-transfected with Myc-5-HT2C receptor and GFP-CaM. However, serotonin receptor co-immunoprecipitated with GFP-CaM after treatment with 5-HT for 5 minutes. But the exposure with 5-HT2CR376/377A did not co-immunoprecipitate GFP-CaM with serotonin receptor. It proves that 5-HT2C receptors are linked with CaM depending on the presence of agonist. The experiment performed is to check the agonist dependent precipitation of GFP-CaM and serotonin receptors in the presence of Myc-5HT2C 5-HT exposure. So, the negative control to be designed here for this experiment can be simply of serotonin receptor and CaM. This would result in no immunoprecipitation and prove as a good negative control. On analyzing it through western blotting it could be proved that no immunoprecipitation had occurred in this control. To confirm the results in living cells the same experiment could be used to check the that whether the immunoprecipitation is agonist dependent or not. Take solubilized proteins from living cells and co-transfect them with GFP-CaM and 5-HT2C receptor followed by exposure to 5-HT, then analyze immunoprecipitation via western blotting. The negative control for this experiment will include only CaM and serotonin receptor, and further analyzing it with western blotting, the results of blotting will show no precipitation in negative.2. These figures are from Fig. 6A,C of Fan et al. (src kinase folder). (A) Explain the experiments shown here. What was being tested? What conclusions can be drawn? How can it be improved? (B) Design another experiment to test the same concept/hypothesis? Include your controls.4839335107886500A) In figure A: Human embryonic kidney cells were transfected with constructs for carrying out this experiment. Immuno-precipitation was carried out of tagged PAG with an antibody against regulator MYC, its interaction is studied here with SRC and BRK followed by immunoblotting analyzation. The result of this experiment was delaying in electrophoretic mobility of tagged PAG protein, when it was co-expressed with SRC. This delay is considered due to the hyper-phosphorylation. However, on co-expression of PAG and BRK this band shift was less evident. In figure C: Co-transfection of HEK 293 cells with MYC-PAG and SRC followed by treatment in the absence or presence of SRC kinase inhibitor SU6656 (5 M) for at least 1 hour. PAG was immunoprecipitated by antibody against MYC, and the binding of CSK was compared by immunoblotting. On the other hand, the disturbance of link b/w CSK and PAG was observed on weakening SRC activity by a small molecular inhibitor SU6656, this experiment concluded the importance of SRC kinase activity for functioning of CSK. Also, this study shows that distinct mechanisms have evolved to regulate the activities of two structurally similar and functionally related kinases, BRK and SRC, understanding of the signaling function of protein phosphatases, including definition of their substrate specificities, will allow us to exploit a greater spectrum of the changes in signaling in disease and to generate new and more effective strategies for therapeutic intervention in major human diseasesB) To test the same hypothesis with controls, take breast cancer frozen samples of different patients, divide the sample in two groups one will be the test group other the control group. The control group will be given doses of anti-tumor medication (like tamoxifen for breast cancer). RNA will be extracted from both groups using Trizol and will be followed by purification assay. The breast cancer cell lines will be transfected with empty vectors or pcDNA3-MKP3-V5. Furthermore, the transfectants will be placed in media like minimum essential media MEM with phenol red, followed by SDS PAGE electrophoresis, and transfer to nitrocellulose membrane. After transferring they will be incubated with primary antibody for an hour or more then with the secondary antibody to observe the chemiluminescence with a reagent. The cells will then be lysed in a buffer, phosphatase reaction carried out will be observed by assays and transfected cells will be compared with control ones to whom tamoxifen was given.36734750003. This is figure 4b from Gresset et al (phospholipases folder). (A) What is the hypothesis being tested in this experiment? (B) Describe how the experiment was done, including results. (C) Predict what might happen to PLC? activity if Tyrosine783 was ‘permanently' phosphorylated and explain why. The hypothesis being tested here is the enhancement in the lipase activity of phospholipaseC-?1 via phosphorylation of one or both specified tyrosine residues (Y775 and Y783) in the downstream process of signal transduction.To perform the experiment, equal concentrations of purified phospholipase-C-?1 were set on incubation with the active kinase domain of the Fibroblast growth factor receptor FGFR2 and ATP in bovine serum albumin containing buffer, the samples of this reactions were tested for two activities: 1) for lipase activity in the phospholipid vehicles indicated in the figure on left Y axis. Secondly the phosphate incorporation in phospholipase-C-?1 was studied, illustrated at right Y axis of the figure. 4 moles of phosphate were added to each test samples, the Wildtype inactive PLC?1 was taken as a normal control with its basal phospholipase activity, active PLC?1 with wildtype FGFR2K served as a positive control with phosphate and PLC?1 knockout mutant served as negative control to quantify the phospholipase activity among the mutants. This was performed to check the phosphorylation of tyrosine and auto inhibition of PLC-? isozymes, 775/783 of PLC-?1 were substitutes at the place of phenylalanine, they could be used individually or together, but in the experiment tyr783 is used individually. Phospholipase activity of resulting mutant after purification was quantified with active domain of FGFR2K (helps in phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase). Certain known moles of phosphates were added into purified PLC-?1 in wild type under above mentioned conditions and observed that phospholipase activity was enhanced 10 times. The mutation of tyr783 completely nullified the kinase stimulated acceleration of phospholipase activity along with reduction in FGFR2K-promoted phosphorylation of PLC-?1. This experiment proves that, phosphorylation of Tyr783 is vital for relief of auto-inhibition.Studies reveal that Tyr-783 was essential for auto inhibition. As discussed above, permanent phosphorylation of tyr-783 will completely nullify the kinase stimulated and FGFR2K stimulated phosphorylation of PLC-?1. Lipase activity of PLC-?1 will be enhanced across its limits and over-expression of PLC-?1 can induce malignant transformation. The results could be leading to production of carcinoma cells. It has been found in various studies that activity of PLC-?1 is more in cancerous cells as compared to normal cells. So, permanent phosphorylation tyr783 could be a way leading to malignant cancers.3416300-254000004. This figure is from Tsui et al. 2015. (lipid raft folder). (A) Explain the relationship between GFR and Ret51 and what they are testing in this paper (the overall idea). (B) Explain the experiment shown in this figure and what was learned. (C) What is a negative control that could improve the conclusions from this experiment?GFR and Ret51 both are receptors, GDNF is found to promote PNS development and kidney morphogenesis through the receptor complex consisting of GDNF family receptor 1 (GFR1) and the other receptor tyrosine kinase (Ret). Ret signal transduction is increased by translocation of GFR. GFR-mediated Ret activation is essential too for the kidney morphogenesis and for various other functions of abdominal precursors that form abdominal nervous system. Also, GFR has many lipid rafts because its GPI anchorage, but Ret is expelled from lipid rafts. In this paper, the gene replacement for GFR in mice results GDNF resulting in Ret activation but prevented its translocation into lipid rafts. These mice showed renal agenesis, and other disorders including loss of the enteric nervous system, and defects in motor neuron axon path similar to GFR mice that was knocked out, all this provided evidence along with lipid rafts GFR is also needed for neurotrophic factor signaling.Primary considerate neurons secluded from Gfr1and Gfr1TM/TM mice were maintained in vitro for some days. Then they treated the neurons with GDNF or medium for exact time of 15 minutes. The Detergent-resistant membranes quarantined from the neurons were examined by immunoblotting for Ret51. The comparative purity of detergent resistant and detergent soluble fractions was confirmed by using immunoblotting for caveolin and transferrin receptor, respectively B, the experiments shown in A, were computed and graphed. Otherwise, Substantial decline in the amount of Ret51 was recorded statistically that translocated into lipid rafts while GDNF stimulation in Gfr1TM/TM neurons compared with Gfr1 neurons. Similar Results were obtained after performing the experiment four times .Moreover, Lipid raft translocation experiments were performed to prove the concept that GDNF/GFR1/Ret complex does not translocate into lipid rafts in Gfr1TM/TM mice. Primary sympathetic neurons from Gfr1/ and Gfr1TM/TM mice were used to extract detergent-resistant membranes. Upon stimulation of Gfr1/ neurons with GDNF, Ret translocated quickly into lipid rafts. This was a contrast to Gfr1TM/TM neurons that an evident reduced movement of Ret into the detergent-resistant was recorded because of GDNF exposure. A small portion of Ret that did translocate into lipid rafts while stimulation may be owing to Ret kinase-dependent translocation of Ret into rafts that occurs with slower movements. There was a significant, 75% reduction in the kinetics of the Ret receptor complex into lipid rafts during GDNF exposure in Gfr1TM/TM neurons according to computation made by these experiments. The negative control design here for confirming the results that Ret doesn't translocate into lipid rafts during GFL activation in Gfr1TM/TM neurons, the primary sympathetic neurons isolated from Gfr1/and Gfr1TM/TM mice will be grown in the same way as test ones, with the only difference that there will be no treatment with GDNF or medium for 15 minutes, and the impact of this will confirm the result to much greater extent upon immunoblotting.

By What Means Does Willy Russell Engage Our Sympathy For Shirley In The Opening Part Of The Play Essays

By What Means Does Willy Russell Engage Our Sympathy For Shirley In The Opening Part Of The Play Essays By What Means Does Willy Russell Engage Our Sympathy For Shirley In The Opening Part Of The Play Essay By What Means Does Willy Russell Engage Our Sympathy For Shirley In The Opening Part Of The Play Essay In the opening part of the play feeling sympathy for Shirley is a regular occurrence expressed through loneliness, regret, unhappiness and humour. This only being a minority of the feelings Shirley feels.We find Shirley to be a humorous and genile person looking for a more easyer and comfortable way of life.We feel sympathy for Shirley when her sadness is expressed as insecurity. Even though her name was changed to Bradshaw she was still Shirley Valentine. This shows how she was changed into something she did not want to be and how she regrets marrying Joe. Shirley has an ability to make humour out of what may be at discomfort to her. Maybe the marriage to Joe is an example of this. Shirleys life becomes jaded and boring, as her life seemed to go down hill after marrying Joe. They say dont theyI felt like that at twenty-five. It seems as though Shirley was cheated out fifteen years in her life, which creates sympathy for Shirley. Shirley finds it hard to make friends and to socialize with others. I havent known Jane all that long, but shes great. Shows this and Shirley is troubled when she hears that Jane is going to Greece for two weeks. Shirley was accused of being a cheat at school when she was not. YOU, she yelled you must have been told that answer.This disheartened Shirley and changed her point of view to school life at this point. Deep down Shirley still wanted to be nice and gentile. We find out that Shirley meets the old school teachers pet that Shirley wanted to be like. Well Marjorie, youve waited a long time for your revenge but youve got me good style now havent y? Ironically is it found that Marjorie wanted to be just like Shirley was at school. Marjorie had become a high-class whore. The sadness that Shirley feels creates sympathy towards her. The regret that Shirley felt cannot be expressed until Shirley cries on the bus journey home leaving the audience distraught. As Marjorie kissed Shirley the deep emotion leads to her crying on the bus. This is the only time she had felt real affection leaving her even more upset. She leaned forward an just kissed me-thereon the cheek an there was real affection in that kiss.Shirley is reminiscing the past as she misses the fun the marriage had started out to be. She used to laugh with Joe she wishes it could be the same. She feels as though the old Shirley has disappeared and she is trying to humour the situation again.Shirley is so lonely that she talks to the wall to keep her company. This is quite a sad thing that she is doing leaving the audience wishing that they would never be in her position. Shirley Valentines daily routine would be very simple and very feminine, the cooking and cleaning being the main prospect. This is not helped by the fact of a selfish husband that has to come into consideration with everything including the cooking. We know that Shirley is not happy inside the marriage because she promised herself that she would leave Joe as soon a s the children grow up. This showing insecurity, loyalty and self-depriving. Shirley was loyal to the children by not leaving the children when they were young so they would have a hard time. She is also self-depriving as she promised herself that she would leave Joe but has still not done this. She is also scared because she feels as though she would have no place to go.Willy Russell creates sympathy for Shirley by expressing her feelings in various different ways, loneliness, unhappiness, regret, and loyalty. Shirley is humorous, dominated and self-deprived.I think that Shirley needs to go on the two-week trip to Greece with Jane and then decide if she wants to carry on the marriage with Joe. If not she should go and find peace in the country.

Gerrymanderingto kill a mocking bird essays

Gerrymanderingto kill a mocking bird essays GOMILLION ET AL. v. LIGHTFOOT, MAYOR OF TUSKEGEE, ET AL. The unprecedented Gomillion v. Lightfoot came to the Supreme Court because the borders of Tuskegee, Alabama were redrawn. They went from a square shape to an irregular one to exclude black neighborhoods, on the outer edges of the city, violating the 15th Amendment, denying them a vote because of race. This practice is also known as racial gerrymandering. On October 18 and 19 of 1960 this case was argued. The decision was made on November 14, 1960. The case was pulled up from the Fifth Circuit of Appellate Courts. The Plaintiff, the African American citizens of Tuskegee, Alabama were accusing the Mayor of Tuskegee, Alabama, Lightfoot, denying constitutional rights to the citizens. The case was ruled on just after another very important racial case, Barker v. Carr. This case furthered the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. The Supreme Court of the United States reversed the ruling from the Fifth Circuit of Appellate Courts. The Appellate Court ruled that the State could look out for its best interest. The court applied this past ruling from other cases to rule that the municipality could look out for its best interest. The Supreme Court, however, felt that the means do not justify the ends. Using a Constitutional procedure to achieve an Unconstitutional result is unconstitutional. Whittaker, wrote a concurring opinion agreeing that the border move was Unconstitutional, but under the fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause because the state was redrawing borders to the black citizen's detriment. He felt that voting was not denied because of race. In fact, border changes occur all the time and the blacks still had a right to vote for any candidate or position that falls in their area. He felt that the re-bordering was a segregation attempt illegal under the prece ...

International Management - FDI, globalization Essay

International Management - FDI, globalization - Essay Example Though it is impossible to make an accurate determination of the present value of foreign investments, the possibility of getting an idea of the rate and amounts of such investments and of the places in which they are being made interests' managers and government leaders (Ball & McCulloch 1982). Developed and developing countries as well as countries in transition consider foreign direct investment as one of the most important channel through which countries may obtain resources for its development (Hunya 2001). Each home and host country government views the MNE and its direct investment projects as generators of income, employment, technology, and so on that must be regulated to obtain the best gains for the government (Grosse & Kujawa 1988). Investors from industrialized countries want to come to developing countries for the reasons that: They apprehend that the return on capital in their home country is not adequate; that they want to combine their capital with the cheap labor of the host country to reduce the cost of production; and that they want to utilize the raw materials of developing countries near their source. On the other hand, the host developing countr... Foreign direct investments involve a complex of assets, and among the most prized proprietary asset probably belongs technology. Others are brand names, specialized skills, and the ability to organize and integrate production across countries; to establish marketing network and to have privilege access to the market for non-proprietary assets. All these aspects mean that multinationals can contribute significantly to economic and social development in host countries. Assets include: (1) Capital. FDI brings in investible financial resources to host countries. In distinction to other sources of capital, multinationals typically invest in long-term projects. FDI also complete insufficiently generated financial capital (shortage of savings) at host countries; (2) Capital access. Multinationals have usually better conditions to obtain banking or other capital credits. This is due to the larger opportunity set of funding sources around the world from which it can choose; (3) Technology. Multinationals can bring modern technologies and they can raise the efficiency with which existing technologies are used. Moreover they may even set up local R&D facilities, upgrade technologies as innovations emerge and consumption patterns change, and stimulate technical efficiency and competitors, by providing assistance; (4) Market Access. Multinationals may positively influence the access to export markets for goods and services that are already produced in host countries, helping them switch from domestic to international markets and for new activities that exploit a host economy's comparative advantages; (5) Skills and management techniques. Multinationals employ and have worldwide access to individuals with advanced skills and

Culture competent care in nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culture competent care in nursing - Essay Example This can eliminate communication problems created by differences in language. It is not necessary to master the whole language, but basic dialectical jargons can be essential in understanding and meeting the needs of Aboriginal people. Besides learning the language, nurses should take a keen interest in the health-related cultural practices of Aboriginal people. For instance, Aborigines have some beliefs regarding the treatment of men by women (Leever, 2011). The men prefer to be managed by fellow men and not women. Another important aspect of Aboriginal culture is respect, and nurses should understand this in order to minimize the difficulties faced when taking care of Aboriginal people. Dignity, respect, and humility should be part of nurses’ ethos when dealing with Aborigines (Bearskin, 2011). Finally, it is ideal for nurses to understand the religious dynamics of Aboriginal culture that influence their view of medicine. Some Aborigines use religious beliefs to shape their health perspectives, and nurses will have an easier time managing them if they comprehend the relationship between Aboriginal health and religion. Cameron, B., Plazas, M., Salas, A., & Hungler, K. (2014). Understanding inequalities in access to health care services for aboriginal people a call for nursing Action. Advances in Nursing Science, 37(3),